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初中三年级英语

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  • 句型转换
    句型转换。

    1. He didn't play basketball yesterday. He went shopping instead. (变同义句)
        He went shopping ________ _______ playing basketball yesterday.
    2. He bought an expensive sweater.She bought an expensive sweater, too. (变同义句)
        He bought an expensive sweater. ________ ________ she.
    3. Kathy used to like eating candy. (变否定句)
        Kathy ________ ________ to like eating candy.
    4. To learn a foreign language well is not easy for me. (变同义句) 
        I had some _______ _______ a foreign language well.
    5. Trekking through the Amazon Jungle is much more difficult than sailing across the Pacific. (变同义句)  
        Sailing across the Pacific isn't _______ difficult _______ trekking through the Amazon Jungle.
    6. The ship is too small to carry so many passengers. (变同义句) 
        The ship isn't _______ _______ to carry so many passengers.
    7. Someone saw the young man steal the old man's wallet. (变同义句)  
        The young man was ________ _______ steal the old man's wallet.
    8. Bill used to like apples better than bananas. (变同义句)  
        Bill _______ apples _______ bananas.
    9. Maria used to help Mom do housework. (对画线部分提问)   
        ________ ________ Maria use to do?
    10. Our teacher doesn't allow us to go to Internet bars. (变被动语态)   
         We ________ ________ to go to Internet bars.


    本题信息:2010年0124同步题英语句型转换难度较难 来源:冯丽娟
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本试题 “句型转换。1. He didn't play basketball yesterday. He went shopping instead. (变同义句) He went shopping ________ _______ playing basketball yesterd...” 主要考查您对

疑问代词

助动词的过去式

被动语态

不定式

分词

动词短语

介词短语

倒装句

固定搭配

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 疑问代词
  • 助动词的过去式
  • 被动语态
  • 不定式
  • 分词
  • 动词短语
  • 介词短语
  • 倒装句
  • 固定搭配

疑问代词:
疑问代词在句中起名词的作用,用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有:   
what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever   
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有词性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。 
what, which, whose还可作限定词。
Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which


疑问代词说明:
一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

二、Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)

三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)

四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。


疑问代词用法:
1. 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which和what, 都是用来构成疑问句的:
Who is calling? 谁打电话来?
Whom do you want to speak to? 你想找谁接电话?
作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,在口语中用who作宾语时也不少:
Who did you mean? 你指的是谁?
Who are you talking about? 你们在讲谁?
直接跟在介词后时只能用whom:
With whom did you come? 你和谁一道来的?
(口语中说“Who did you come with?时更多一些。)

2. 其他三个疑问代词可用作:
1)主语:
What’s your address? 你的地址怎样写?
Whose is better? 谁的好一些?
Which of these is yours? 哪一本是你的?
2)宾语:
What do you mean? 你是什么意思?
Which do you like better? 哪一个你更喜欢一些?
Whose have you chosen? 你选了谁的?
3)表语:
What’s her name? 她叫什么名字?
Whose is it? 这是谁的?
4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词):
What time does the train leave? 这列火车什么时候离开?
Which room shall we stay in? 我们住哪间房?
Whose passport is this? 这是谁的护照?
助动词的过去式:

助动词

be

do

have

shall

will

过去式

was/were

did

had

should

would


语态:
是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构:
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
如:Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如:The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如:The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如:The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如: He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如:The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。

不用于被动语态的情形:
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如:A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如:My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如:We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
例如:The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
例如:Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
例如:The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如:This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 :

时态

被动语态 

一般现在时

am/is/are+过去分词

一般过去时

was/were+过去分词

现在进行时

am/is/are being+过去分词

过去进行时

was/were being+过去分词

一般将来时

will be+过去分词

过去将来时

would be+过去分词

现在完成时

have/has been+过去分词

过去完成时

had been+过去分词

情态动词

情态动词be+过去分词


情态动词的被动语态:
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
(一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
(二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
(三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
(四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
—Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
—Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
—Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)
动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
分词:
就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,
如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:
现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking

过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked ,  visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped  ,  drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked  ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表


分词用法:
1、分词作状语   
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。   
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。   
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.   
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. 
Given   better attention, the plants could grow better.   

2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构   
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。   
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for  the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……   
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it  well.   
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.   

3、分词作定语   
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。    
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.    
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!   
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.   
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.   
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with  developed countries   

4、分词作宾语补足语   
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.

5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.


动词短语:
由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式:
1.动词+副词
①作及物动词,例: 
He brought up his children strictly.   
从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
②作不及物动词,例:    
Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2.动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

3.动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

4.动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

5.动词+名词+介词    
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语:

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒


初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽,走近     
come back回来   
come from来自,源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减  
cut up连根拔除,切碎

5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查                  
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出,熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展,相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回,收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)

10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找,向上看 
look through翻阅,浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱,报复 
pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

19. put
put up张贴,举起,   
put out伸出,扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱           
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面

21. run
run after追逐,追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉,迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起,引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
take down记录,取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
think out(自然)想出办法  
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝               
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食



介词短语:
介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词与它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语,定语或介词宾语。例如:at ,in, on, to
介词短语在句中可以作状语,定语,表语,补足语等。
1. 作表语
   例如:It was in 2005 in Beijing.
2. 作宾语补足语
   例如:He found his dog outside the station.
3. 作后置定语
   例如:I even store them in boxes under my bed.
4. 作状语
   例如:You are supposed to put your bread on your plate.
常见介词用法:
1)at,in,on在……范围
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近,旁边”
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻,接壤
to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Jiangsu lies in the east of China.
Russia live on the north of China.
Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.

2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。
on表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.

3)below, under 在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下,不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.

介词短语组织形式及实例:
一、介词+名词形式
第一组
by accident 偶然
on account of 因为,由于
in addition 另外
in addition to 除 …… 之外
in the air 在流行中,在传播中
on (the/an) average 平均,一般来说
on the basis of 根据,在 …… 的基础上
at (the) best 充其量,至多
for the better 好转,改善
on board 在船 ( 车、飞机 ) 上
out of breath 喘不过气来
on business 因公,因事
in any case 无论如何,总之
in case of 假使,万一
in case 假如,以防 ( 万一 ) 免得
in no case 决不
第二组
by chance 偶然,碰巧
in charge (of) 负责,主管
(a) round the clock 昼夜不停地
in common 共用,共有,共同
in conclusion 最后,总之
on condition that 在 …… 条件下
in confidence 信任
in connection with/to 关于
in consequence 因此,结果
in consequence of 由于 …… 的缘故
on the contrary 反之,正相反
in contrast with/to 与 …… 成对照
out of control 失去控制
under control 被控制住
at all costs 不惜任何代价
at the cost of 以 …… 为代价
第三组
in the course of 在 …… 过程中,在 …… 期间
of course 当然,自然,无疑
in danger 在危险中,垂危
out of danger 脱离危险
out of date 过期 ( 时 ) 的
up to date 时新的
in debt 欠债
in detail 详细地
in difficulties 处境困难
in the distance 在远处
off duty 下班
on duty 值班,上班
on earth 究竟,到底
at all events 无论如何
in any event 无论如何
in effect 有效;实际上
第四组
in the event of 万一,如果发生
for example 例如
with the exception of 除 …… 之外
in the face of 面对,不顾,即使
in fact 其实,实际上
on fire 烧着
on foot 步行
in force 有效;实施中
in favo(u)r of 有利于,赞成,支持 in front of 在 …… 面前
in (the) future 今后,将来
on guard 警惕,防范
in general 通常,大体上
in half 成两半
at hand 在手边,在附近
from tip to toe 彻头彻尾,完全
by hand 用手 hand down to 往下传,传给 ( 后代 )
第五组
hand in hand 手拉手,携手
in hand 在掌握中,在控制中
on hand 在手边,临近
on (the) one hand... 一方面 …… ,
on the other hand... 另一方面 ……
at heart 在内心;实质上
by heart 牢记,凭记忆
at home 在家,在国内;自在,自如
in honor of 以纪念,向 …… 表示敬意
on one's honor 以名誉担保
in a hurry 匆忙地,立即
for instance 例如,举例说
at intervals 不时,时时
at last 最终,终于
at least 至少,最低限度
in the least 一点,丝毫
第六组
at length 终于,最后;详细地
in the light of 按照,根据
in line 成一直线,排成一行
in line with 与 …… 一致,按照
at a loss 困惑,不知所措
as a matter of fact 其实,事实上
by all means 无论如何,必定 by means of 借助于,用
by no means 决不
in memory of 纪念
at the mercy of 在 …… 支配下
by mistake 错误地
for a moment 片刻,一会儿
in a moment 立刻,马上
第七组
in nature 本质上 on occasion 有时,不时
in order 秩序井然,整齐
in group to 以便,为了
in group that 以便
out of order 发生故障,失调
on one's own 独自地,独立地
in particular 特别地,尤其,详细地
in the past 在过去,以往
in person 亲自
in place 在适当的位置
in place of 代替
in the first place 起初,首先
in the last place 最后
out of place 不得其所的,不适当的
on the point 即将 …… 的时候
第八组 to the point 切中要害,切题
in practice 在实际中,实际上
out of practice 久不练习
in proportion to( 与 ……) 成比例的
in public 公开地,当众
for (the) purpose of 为了
on purpose 故意,有意
with the purpose of 为了
in question 正在考虑
at random 随意地,任意地
at any rate 无论如何,至少
by reason of 由于
as regards 关于,至于
with/in regard to 对于,就 …… 而论
第九组
in/with relation to 关系到
with respect to 关于
as a result 结果,因此
as a result of 由于 …… 的结果
in return 作为报答,作为回报
on the road 在旅途中
as a rule 规章,规则;通常,照例
in the long run 最终,从长远观点看
for the sake of 为了 …… 起见
on sale 出售;贱卖
on a large scale 大规模地
on a small scale 小规模地
in secret 秘密地,私下地
in a sense 从某种意义上说
in shape 处于良好状态
on the side 作为兼职,额外
第十组
at first sight 乍一看,初看起来
in sight 被看到,在望
out of sight 看不见,在视野之外
in spite of 不管,不顾;尽管,虽然
on the spot 当场,在现场
in step 同步,合拍
out of step 步调不一致,不协调
in stock 现有,备有
in sum 总而言之
in tears 流着泪,含泪,哭
in terms of 依据,按照;用 …… 措词
for one thing 首先,一则
on the second thoughts 经重新考虑,一转念
at a time 每次,一次
at no time 从不,决不
at one time 同时,曾经,从前曾

二、动词+名词形式
第一组
have/gain access to 可以获得
take...into account 考虑
gain/have an advantage over 胜过,优于
pay the way for 为 …… 铺平道路
take advantage of 利用,趁 …… 之机
pay attention to 注意
do/try one's best 尽力,努力
get the best of 胜过
make the best of 充分利用,妥善处理
get the better of 打败,致胜
catch one's breath 屏息,歇口气
take care 小心,当心
take care of 照顾,照料
take a chance 冒险一试
take charge of 担任,负责
keep company with 与 …… 交往,与 ……
take delight in 以 …… 为乐
with delight 欣然,乐意地
第二组
make a/the difference 有影响,很重要
carry/bring into effect 使生效,使起作用
put into effect 实行,生效
come/go into effect 生效,实施
take effect 生效,起作用
catch one's eye 引人注目
keep an eye on 留意,照看
make a face 做鬼脸
find fault 埋怨,挑剔
catch fire 着火
come/go into force 生效,实施
make friends 交朋友,友好相处
be friends with 对 …… 友好,与 …… 交上朋友
make fun of 取笑,嘲弄
keep one's head 保持镇静
lost one's head 不知所措
第三组
lose heart 丧失勇气,失去信心
get/learn by heart 记住,背诵
get hold of 抓住,掌握
keep house 管理家务,做家务
throw/cast light on 使明白,阐明
bear/keep in mind 记住
have in mind 记住,考虑到,想到
make up one's mind 下决心
come/go into operation 使投入生产,使运转
put in order 整理,检修
keep/hold pace with 跟上,与 …… 同步
play a part 起作用
take place 发生,进行
take the place of 代替
come to the point 说到要点,扼要地说
bring/carry into practice 实施,实行
第四组
make progress 进步,进展
give rise to 引起,使发生
make sense 讲得通,有意义
catch the sight of 发现,突然看见
(go) on the stage 当演员
take one's time 不急不忙,从容进行
keep in touch 保持联系
keep track 通晓事态,注意动向
lose track 失去联系
make use of 利用
put to use 使用,利用
give way 让路,让步
lead the way 带路,引路
make one's way 前进,进行
make way 让路,开路
keep one's word 遵守诺言
第五组
act on 作用
appeal to 呼吁,要求
attempt at 企图,努力
attitude to/towards 态度,看法
a great/good deal of 大量 ( 的 ) ,许多 ( 的 )
influence on 影响
interference in 干涉
interference with 妨碍,打扰
第六组
introduce to 介绍
a lot (of) 许多 ( 的 ) ,大量 ( 的 )
lots of 大量,很多
fall in love with 相爱,爱上
a matter of( 关于 ……) 的问题
a number of 若干,许多
reply to 回答,答复
a series of 一系列,一连串
英语常考词语固定搭配(四)
第七组
trolley bus 电车
I. D. card 身份证
credit card 信用卡
no doubt 无疑,必定
next door 隔壁
out of doors 在户外
face to face 面对面地
as matter of fact 实际情况,真相
a few 有些,几个
quite a few 还不少,有相当数目的
a little 一点,稍微,一些,少许
little by little 逐渐地
quite a little 相当多,不少
no matter 无论
the moment (that) 一 …… 就
no more 不再
第八组
fair play 公平竞赛;公平对待
in demand 有需要,销路好
rest room 厕所,盥洗室
primary school 小学
side by side 肩并肩,一个挨一个
heart and soul 全心全意
step by step 逐步
ahead of time 提前
all the time 一直,始终
once upon a time 从前
once in a while 偶尔,有时
no wonder 难怪,怪不得
word for word 逐字地
decline with thanks 婉言谢绝

三、介词+介词形式
第一组
account for 说明 ( 原因等 )
aim at 瞄准,针对
allow for 考虑到
appeal to 呼吁,要求
arrive at 达成,得出
ask after 询问,问候
ask for 请求,要求
attach to 附属于,隶属于
begin with 从开始
break into 闯入
break off 断绝,结束
break through 突破
break up 中止,结束;打碎,折断
bring about 带来,造成
bring down 打倒,挫伤;降低
bring forth 产生,提上
第二组
bring forward 提出
bring out 使出现;公布;出版
bring up 教育,培养,使成长
build up 积累;堵塞;树立,逐步建立;增进;锻炼
call for 邀请;要求;需求
call forth 唤起,引起;振作起,鼓起
call off 放弃,取消
catch at 抓住 ( 东西 )
call on/upon 访问,拜访;号召,呼吁
call up 召集,动员;打电话
care for 照管,关心;喜欢,意欲
carry off 夺去
carry on 继续下去;从事,经营
carry out 贯彻,执行;实现
come to 总计,达到;苏醒,复原
count on 依靠;期待,指望
count up 把 …… 相加
第三组
cover up 掩饰,掩盖
cut across 走捷径,抄近路
deal with 处理,对付,安排
do without 没有 …… 也行
fill in/out 填充,填写
get at 得到,接近;意思是
get into 进入,陷入
go after 追求
go into 进入;研究,调查
go for 竭力想取得;喜爱;支持,拥护
go through 经历,经受;详细检查
go with 伴随,与 …… 协调
go without 没有 …… 也行
improve on 改进
keep to 保持,坚持
lie in 在于
live up to 不辜负
第四组
live on/by 靠 …… 生活,以 …… 为食
live through 度过,经受过
look after 照管,照料
look at 看望,注视
look for 寻找,寻求
look into 调查,观察,过问;窥视
look over 检查,查看,调查
look through 仔细查看,浏览,温习
make for 走向,驶向;有助于
occur to 被想到,被想起
play with 以 …… 为消遣,玩弄
refer to 参考,查阅,涉及,提到
run for 竞选
run into 撞上,偶然碰见
see to 注意,负责,照料,修理
send for 派人去请,召唤;索取
第五组
send in 呈报,递交,送来
serve as 作为,用作
set aside 挑出,拨出,留出;拒绝
sit for 参加
stand by 支持,帮助;袖手旁观
stand for 代替,代表,意味着
stand against 反抗,抵抗
stick to 坚持,忠于,信守
take after 与 …… 相像
take for 把 …… 认为是,把 …… 看成是
take in 接受,吸收;了解,理解
take to 喜欢,亲近
touch on 关系到,涉及
turn into 变成
turn to 变成;求助于,借助于
turn off 关上;出产;解雇

四、动词+介词形式
第一组
break down 损坏,分解,瓦解
break in 闯入;打断,插嘴
break out 逃出;突然发生,爆发
bring to 使恢复知觉
burn out 烧掉
burn up 烧起来,旺起来;烧完
catch on 理解,明白
check in 办理登记手续
check out 结账后离开;检验,核查
check up (on) 校对,检查,检验
cheer up 使高兴,使振奋
clear away 扫除,收拾
clear up 收拾;澄清;放晴
make it clear that 弄清楚
come off 实现,成功,奏效
come on 请,来吧,快点;开始,出场,上演
come out 出版;出现,显露;结果是
第二组
come round (around) 来访,前来;苏醒,复原
come through 经历,脱险
come up 走近,上来;发生,被提出
cross out 删去,取消
cut back 削减,减少
cut down 削减,降低
cut in( 汽车 ) 抢道;插嘴,打断
cut off 切断;删去;停止
cut out 删除
cut short 突然停止
die down 渐渐消失,平息
die out 消失,灭绝
draw in( 火车、汽车 ) 到站
draw up 写上,画上;草拟;停住
dress up 穿上盛装,打扮得很漂亮
drop by/in 顺便来访
dry out 干透,使干
dry up 干涸,枯竭
第三组
drop off 减弱,减少
drop out 退出,离队
fall behind 落后
fall out 争吵;结果是
fall through 落空,失败
feed in 输入
find out 查明
get across 解释清楚,使人了解
get around/round 走动,旅行; ( 消息 ) 传开
get away 逃脱,离开
get by 通过,经过
get down 从 …… 下来;写下
get in 进入;收获,收集
get off 从 …… 下来;离开,动身,开始
get over 克服; ( 从病中 ) 恢复过来
get through 结束,完成;接通电话
have got to (do) 不得不,必须
第四组
get together 集合,聚集
get up 起床;增加,增强
give away 泄露;分送
give back 送还,恢复
give in 交上;投降,屈服
give off 放出,释放
give out 分发,放出
give up 停止,放弃
go ahead 开始,前进;领先
go by 过去
go down 下降,降低;被载入,传下去
go off 爆炸,发射;动身,离开
go out 外出;熄灭
go over 检查,审查;复习,重温
go round/around 足够分配
go under 下沉,沉没;失败;破产
go through 通过,审查,完成
第五组
go up 上升,增加;建起
hand down 流传下来,传给,往下传
hand in 交上,递交
hand on 传下来,依次传递
hand out 分发,散发,发给
hand over 交出,移交,让与
hang about 闲荡,徘徊,逗留
hang back 犹豫,踌躇,畏缩
hang on 抓紧不放;继续下去
hang up 挂断 ( 电话 )
have back 要回,收回
have on 穿着,戴着
hold back 踌躇,退缩;阻止,抑制
hold on 继续,握住不放
hold out 维持,支持;坚持,不屈服
hold up 举起,阻挡,使停止;抢劫
第六组
hurry up( 使 ) 赶快,迅速完成
keep back 阻止,阻挡;隐瞒,保留
keep down 控制,压制,镇压;压低
keep off 不接近,避开
keep up 保持,维持;继续,坚持
let down 放下,降低;使失望
let in 让 …… 进入,放 …… 进来
let off 放 ( 烟,烟火 ) ,开 ( 枪 )
let out 放掉,放出,发出
line up 排队,使排成一行
look back 回顾,回头看
look out 留神,注意,提防,警惕
look on 旁观,观看;看待,视作
look up 查阅,查考;寻找 ( 某人 )
look in 顺便看望
make out 辨认,区分;理解,了解
make out of 用 …… 做,从 …… 得出
第七组
make up 构成,拼凑;弥补,赔偿;化装
mix up 混淆,混合,搞糊涂
pass away 去世,逝世
pass off 中止,停止
pass to 转到,讨论,传到
pass out 失去知觉,昏倒
pay back 偿还,回报
pay off 还清 ( 债 )
pay down 即时交付,用现金支付
pay up 全部付清
第八组
pick out 选出,挑出,拣出;辨认,辨别出
pick up 拾起, ( 偶然 ) 得到; ( 车船 ) 中途搭 ( 人 ) ,学会
pull down 拆毁,拉倒;拉下,降低
pull in( 车 ) 停下,进站,船 ( 到岸 )
pull off 脱 ( 帽、衣 )
pull on 穿,戴
pull out 拔出,抽出; ( 车、船 ) 驶出
pull together 齐心协力
pull up( 使 ) 停下
put across 解释清楚,说明
put aside 储存,保留
put away 放好,收好;储存
put down 记下,放下;镇压,平定
put forward 提出
put in 驶进
put on 穿上,戴上;上演;增加 ( 体重 )
put out 熄灭,关 ( 灯 ) ;出版,发布;生产
put right 改正 ( 错误 ) ,整理
第九组
put up 提起,举起,提 ( 价 ) ;为 …… 提供食宿,投宿
ring off 挂断电话
rub out 擦掉,拭去
run down 撞倒,撞沉;追捕,追查
run off 复印,打印
run over 略读,略述;辗过,浏览,匆匆复习
see off 给 …… 送行
see through 看穿,识破;干完,干到底
set back 推迟,延缓,阻碍
set down 卸下,放下,记下,记入
set forth 阐明,陈述
set off 出发,动身;引起,使发生
set out 陈列,显示;动身,起程;制定
set up 创立,建立,树立;资助,扶持
show in 领入
show off 炫耀,卖弄
第十组
show up 使呈现,使醒目
shut out 排除
sit in 列席,旁听
sit up 迟睡,熬夜
speed up 使加速
stand out 突出,显眼
stand up 站起来,耐用
step up 提高,加快,加紧
step in 插入,介入
stick out 伸出,突出;坚持到底,继续
take away 消除;消耗
take down 记下,写下
take off 拿走,脱下;起飞
take on 呈现;接纳,承担,从事
take over 接管,接办
take up 占据;开始;拿起,接收
take up with 和 …… 交往,忍受,采用


初中英语常用介词短语列举:
1)at once 立刻         
2)at last 最后
3)at first 起先,首先        
4)at the age of… 在……岁时
5)at the end of… 在……之末      
6)at the beginning of… 在……之初
7)at the foot of… 在……脚下      
8)at the same time 同时
9)at night/noon 在夜里/中午      
10)with one's help 在某人的帮助下,由于某人的帮助
11)with the help of … 在……的帮助下    
12)with a smile 面带笑容
13)with one's own eyes 亲眼看见     
14)after a while 过了一会儿
15)from now on 从现在起       
16)from then on 从那时起
17)far example 例如        
18)far away from 远离
19)from morning till night 从早到晚    
20)by and by 不久
21)by air mail 寄航空邮件  
22)by bike/air/train/bus 骑自行车/乘飞机/火车/汽车
23)by ordinary mail 寄平信  
24)by the way 顺便说
25)by the window 在窗边
26)by the end of… 到……底为止
27)little by little 逐渐地  
28)in all 总共
29)in fact 事实上  
30)in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时
31)in a hurry 匆忙  
32)in the middle of 在……中间
33)in no time (in a minute) 立刻,很快  
34)in time (on time) 及时
35)in public 公众,公开地  
36)in order to 为了……
37)in front of 在……前面
38)in the sun 在阳光下
39)in the end 最后,终于
40)in surprise 惊奇地
41)in turn 依次  
42)of course 当然
43)a bit (of) 有一点儿  
44)a lot of 许多
45)a little 一点儿  
46)on one's way to 某人在去……的路上
47)on foot 步行,走路  
48)a talk on space 一个关于太空的报告
49)on the other hand 另一方面  
50)at/on the weekend 在周末
51)on the left (right) 在左(右)边  
52)on the other side of 在……另一边
53)on the radio 通过收音机(无线电广播) 
54)to one's joy 使……高兴的是
55)to one's surprise 使……惊讶的是 


倒装句:
为了强调、突出等语的目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。在倒装句中,颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变,句法成分不变。

倒装句使用情况:
A. 在疑问句中
各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如:
Will they come to see us this weekend ? 这个周末他们将来看我们吗?
Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?
你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗?
Can you speak another foreign language except English?
除开英语,你还能说另一种外语吗?
Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?
你在哪儿买的这本词典,是在附近的书店还是在新华书店?
She is not a student, isn't she ? 她不是个学生,对吗?

B. 在感叹句中
某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如:
Isn't it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊!
What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊!
(在这种句式中,主语在谓语之前,属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言,语序没有倒装。)
Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him ! 你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮!

C. 在陈述句中
陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序;但由于英语语法的某些原因,陈述句也要使用倒装语序。这些原因大致可以归纳如下:
1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复,常用"so + be动词(助动词、情态动词)+主语"或"neither / nor + be动词(助动词、情态动词)+主语"的倒装句式。
其中第一个句式表示"与前面所述的肯定情况相同", 第二个句式表示"与前面所述的否定情况相同"。例如:
His brother is a college student; so is mine.
他弟弟是大学生,我弟弟也是。
His brother is not a college student; nor is min .
他弟弟不是大学生,我弟弟也不是。
He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.
他曾去国外深造过,我也去过。
He didn't use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.
他没去国外深造过,我也没有。
One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.
我的一个朋友会说三门外国语,他的妻子也会。
One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .
我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语,他的妻子也不会。
They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .
他们正在为期末考试作准备,我们也一样。
They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .
他们没在为期末考试作准备,我们也没有。

2)具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(除否定词修饰主语外),句子一般要写成部分倒装句。
这类词或短语常见的有:
not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than), hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… ,等。例如:
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .
她还没来得及坐下来,就听见有人敲门。
Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night .
他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .
我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。
No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.
我从新西兰一回国,就买了一栋房子并在那儿住下了。
So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.
就我所知,玛利几乎很难回来看她妈妈。
Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . (否定词修饰主语时,句子不用倒装。)
去年秋天,这儿几乎没下一滴雨。

3)当so, often, only等表示程度、频率的副词放在句首时,句子一般要倒装。例如:Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.
只有这样,你才有可能想出解决这个问题的办法。
So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.
形势如此地严峻,每个人都面临着一场考验。
So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. 他太操劳过度以致最后病倒了。

4)当there, here, then, now等副词在句首,且谓语是come, go, be等动词时,句子一般要全部倒装。
其意义在于引起他人的注意。如果这类句子的主语是代词,则不用写成倒装句。例如:
Now, here goes the story.这个故事是这样的。
Look, there comes the taxi.瞧,出租车过来了。
Then came another question.然后又一个问题提出来了。
Then followed the four-year War of Liberation.接下来是四年的解放战争。

5) 当out, in, away, up, bang等表示方位或拟声词放在句首时,句子一般要全部倒装。
这类句子比自然语序的句子更为生动、形象。但如果这类句子的主语是代词,则不用写成倒装句。例如:
Bang goes my ace.我砰地一下打出了"爱司"。
Away flew the bird.那鸟飞走了。
Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.突然进来一个蒙着面具的人。

6) 其他情况还有:省略了if的虚拟条件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些让步状语从句,等等也要用倒装句式。例如:
(省略了if的虚拟条件句)Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.
如果没有他们的帮助,我们不可能把那件事办的如此成功。
Should he come, say "Nobody in" to him.
万一他来了,对他说:"公司没人。"
(某些表示祝愿的句子)May our friendship last forever.
愿我们的友谊常存!
May your company become prosperous.
祝贵公司生意兴隆!
(某些让步状语从句)Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.无论我使多大的劲,我也无法搬起那块石头。
They said they would follow the Party's lead come what might.
他们说无论发生什么情况,他们都会跟党走的。

7) 由于修辞或是平衡句子的原因也可以用倒装句;也可以不用。这不是一条必须的规定。
Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated .
家饭店隔壁还有一家装修华丽的大饭店。
On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.
这条大街的两侧都耸立着许多综合楼。(这类句子也可以不用倒装句。)
"I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow," said Tom to his mother (OR: Tom said to his mother) .
汤姆对他妈妈说:"我明天动身去北京。"
Many block buildings stood on either side of the great avenue.
许多综合楼耸立在这条大街的两侧。
Another grand hotel, which is beautifully decorated, is next to this one .
这家饭店隔壁还有一家大饭店,那家饭店装修十分华丽。


完全倒装与部分倒装:
1.完全倒装(Full Inversion):又称"全部倒装",是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
谓语+主语+……
①There be(的各种形式)+主语(+地点或时间状语)
例子:
There was a drop in the temperature.温度下降了
There are brids singing in the tree.鸟儿在树上唱歌。
②副词小品词+谓语动词+名词主语+……
③过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……
2.部分倒装(Partial Inversion)(又称半倒装句):
指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。
如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。
前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;
后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
倒装的作用:
通常是希望强调句中的某一部分
1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子,为了起到强调的作用,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。
Our teacher came in.
In came our teacher.
这种倒装要求:主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。
Here it is.
Away he went.
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.

2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。
Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.

3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首,要用倒装句式,以示强调。
这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置,不加助动词did, does或do.
Under a big tree sat a fat man  half asleep.

4. there放在句首时,要用倒装句式。
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如:
live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。
There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.
In front of the tower flews a stream.

5. so + 动词+主语
neither/ nor + 动词+主语
表示两人的同样一个情况时,只能表示一件事,即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。
否则要用so it is with…
You can ride a bike. So can I .
He has been to Beijing. So have I .
The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.

6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示,也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。
句型如下: so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.

7. done做形容词在句中做表语时,常把表语放在句首,要用倒装句式。
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。
We seldom get up at four in the morning.
= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.

9. hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。
hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。
The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.

10. not only… but also 如连接两个成分时,不用倒装;连接句子时,前面的句子要用倒装。
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.
Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.

11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时,要用:
only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.

12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句
If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.
固定搭配:
英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法,如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。
例如:
take part in (参加) 
by accident (偶然地) 
lucky dog (幸运儿)
be interested in (对…感兴趣)

初中英语常见固定搭配:
(一)加-ing
enjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----    
spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---  
try doing 试着做------                
be busy doing sth 忙于做------
finish doing sth 完成做----           
look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)
be doing 正在做---     
Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你

(二)加-to
decide to do sth 决定去做-----             
ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----      
It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)        
would like / want to do 想要做-----    
It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----

(三)加原形
let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事   
be going to / will do sth (一般将来时态)

(四)加-to 或-ing意思不同
forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)    
forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)   
remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)
remember to do记得去做------(还没做)

(五)加-to 或-ing意思相同
begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------

(六)
A)动词+ 介词
agree with同意....的意见(想法);符合    
help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)  listen to听...              
..get to到达....       
fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据     
knock at /on敲(门、窗)        
laugh at嘲笑
learn.. from 向...学习     
live on继续存在;靠...生活 
look after照顾,照看look at看;观看           
look for寻找             
look like看起来像
pay for (sth.)付钱;支付 
point at指示;指向          
point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢           
quarrel with (和某人)吵架
regard...as ...把....当作....;当作                 
stop...from阻止.....做.....
talk about说话;谈话;谈论                        
talk with与......交谈think about考虑                                  
think of认为;想起
B)动词+ 副词                                                     
ask for请求;询问       
carry on坚持下去;继续下去     
cut down砍倒 
clean up清除;收拾干净  
come down下来;落    
come along来;随同
come in进来            
come on来吧;跟着来;赶快 
come over过来;顺便来访           
come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽)      
drop off放下(某物);下车                              
eat up吃光;吃完
fall behind落在......后面;输给别人            
fall down跌倒;从......落下
find out查出(真相)                                
get back回来;取回
get down下来;落下;把......取下来             
get off下来;从......下来get on上(车)               
get up起床                
give up放弃go on继续               
go out出去     
go over过一遍;仔细检查
grow up长大;成长      
hand in交上来                
hurry up赶快
hold on (口语)等一等;(打电话时)不挂断             
look out留神;注意
look over (仔细)检查                            
look up向上看;抬头看  
pass on传递;转移到....                          
pick up拾起;捡起
put away放好;把....收起来  
put on穿上;戴上;(戏剧等)上演;放(唱片等
put down把(某物)放下来                             
put up挂起;举起
run away流失;逃跑;逃走 
rush out冲出去 
set off出发;动身;
启程send up发射;把......往上送  
shut down把......关上      
sit down坐下
slow down减缓;减速      
take off脱掉(衣服)          
take out取出
throw about乱丢;抛撒                          
trip over (被......)绊倒
try on试穿(衣服、鞋等);试戴(帽子等)                
try out试验;尝试
turn down关小;调低        
turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等
turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)           
turn over (使)翻过来
wake up醒来                               
wear out把......穿旧;磨坏
work out算出;制订出                               
write down写下....
C) be + 形容词+ 介词                                              
be angry with对(某人)发脾气              
 be interested in对......感兴趣 
be able to能;会                                   
 be afraid of害怕
be amazed at对......感到惊讶            
be excited about对......感到兴奋
be filled with用......充满                            
be full of充满......的
be good at =do well in在....方面做得好;善于             
be late for迟到
be made in在......生产或制造            
be made of由....组成;由....
be pleased with对......感到满意              
be proud of以......自豪/高兴
be used for用于
D)动词+ 名词/ 代词                                               
beg one′s pardon请原谅;对不起         
do morning exercises做早操
do one′s homework做作业                                           
enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐;玩得愉快                   
give a concert开音乐会     
go boating去划船      
go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行     
go skating去滑冰     
go shopping (去)买东西
have a cold (患)感冒    
have a cough (患)咳嗽  
have a headache (患)头痛  
have a try尝试;努力    
have a look看一看         
have a rest休息 
have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐;坐下        
have sports进行体育活动  
have supper吃晚餐   
hear of听说   
hold a sports meeting举行运动会
make a decision作出决定  
make a mistake犯错误  
make a noise吵闹
make faces做鬼脸      
make friends交朋友       
make money赚钱
take one′s place坐某人的座位;代替某人的职务                       
teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学                  
watch TV看电视 
take photos照相       
take time花费(时间)         
take turns轮流
E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词                                  
catch up with赶上           
come up with找到;提出(答案、解决办法等)
get on well with与......相处融洽                   
give birth to生(孩子) 
help yourself / yourselves to自取;随便吃   
make room for给.....腾出地方
play a joke on戏弄人;对人恶作剧              
speak highly of称赞   
say good bye to告别;告辞               
take an active part in积极参加
take care of照顾;照料;注意
F)其他类型                                                        
be awake醒着的          
be born出生         
be busy doing忙着做
come true实现     
do one′s best尽最大努力     
fall asleep睡觉;入睡  
go home回家    
go on doing (sth.)继续做某事;尽力   
get married结婚
get together相聚                  
go straight along  沿着...一直往前走
had better (do)最好(做...)                    
keep doing sth.一直做某事        
make sure确保;确认;查明               
make up one′s mind下决心