可数名词:
是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;
因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。
名词单数变复数的规则:
情况 |
构成方法 |
例词 |
读音 |
一般情况 |
在词尾加-s |
desk→desks map→maps |
-s在清辅音后发/s/ |
day→days girl→girls |
-s在元音和浊辅音后发/z/ |
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词 |
在词尾加-es |
bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes |
-es发/iz/音 |
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 |
变y为i再加-es |
family→families factory→factories party→patries |
-ies发/iz/音 |
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 |
在词尾加-s |
day→days boy→boys key→keys |
-s发/z/音 |
以f或fe结尾的词 |
变f或fe为v再加-es |
knife→knives life→lives wife→wives half→halves |
-ves发/vz/音 |
以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 |
在词尾加-es |
potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes |
-es发/z/音 |
以元音字母加-o结尾的词 |
在词尾加-s |
radio→radios zoo→zoos |
-s发/z/音 |
巧记以ffe结尾的可数名词复数
妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife ↑
追得贼狼满街跑,thief,wolf →→→变f或fe为v,再加es
碰倒架子丧己命,shelf,self,life ↓
手帕树叶半空飘。handkerchief,leaf,half ↓
名词复数的不规则变化:1.不规则形式:
child→children(儿童)
man→men(男人)
woman→women (女人)
an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)
foot→feet(脚)
tooth→teeth(牙)
mouse→mice(老鼠)
ox →oxen(公牛)
goose→geese(鹅)
2.单复同形:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means,Swiss
除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,twometers
3.集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数:
people police cattle是复数
(OK :a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss )
(Error:a people,a police,a cattle )
表示国民总称时,作复数用。
(The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。)
4.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
news是不可数名词。
5.表示由两部分构成的东西,
glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes(衣服)
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双)a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers suit(套)
6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼)
可数名词变复数的几种形式:
1) 单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.
2) 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.
3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.
4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs,proofs, chiefs.
5) 以o结尾的名词,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes. 其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.
6) 不规则名词:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice.
7) 单复数同形的名词:sheep,fish,dee.
注意:fish表示种类时,也用fishes这样的形式。
形容词的比较级:
当两种物体之间相互比较时,我们要用形容词或副词的比较级;
当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时,我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。
形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则:
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased
二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)
三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler, cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever
四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...
形容词的比较级和最高级用法:形容词比较等级用法: 1.没有比较对象时,用原级。
I have a new computer.
2.两者比较,程度相同。
A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B.
Our school is as beautiful as theirs.
3.两者比较,程度不同。
A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B.
The weather here is not as hot as that in the south.
4.A比B更…
The earth is bigger than the moon.
5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,a bit,any等修饰。
Your room is much bigger than mine.
I’m a little shorter than her.
6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义:
John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys.
两者不属于同一范畴,不能用other.
Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang.
7.“比较级+and+比较级” 表示“越来越…”
China is becoming more and more beautiful.
Days are getting longer and longer.
8.用the+比较级,the+比较级 表示”越…就越…”.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
9. Which/Who+is+比较级 A或B?
A和B哪一个/谁更…?
Which is better,this one or that one?
最高级用法: 表示三者或三者以上的人或物的比较,一个在某方面超过其他两个或多个时,用最高级,结构是
主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of/in短语。
This story is the most interesting of the three.
1. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数
它的意思是最…之一。
English is one of the most important languages in the world.
2. which/who…+is+形容词最高级
“…最...”
Which is the heaviest,the horse,the sheep or the elephant?
3.最高级前可以用序数词
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则:
构成 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
一般加er,est |
tall |
taller |
tallest |
以字母e结尾只 加 r,st
|
large |
larger |
largest |
以一个辅音字母结尾的 重读闭音节,双写这一辅 音字母后再加er,est |
red |
redder |
reddest |
hot |
hotter |
hottest |
thin |
thinner |
thinnest |
以辅音字母+y结尾的词, 将y变为i再加er,est
|
easy |
easier |
easiest |
happy |
happier |
happiest |
ugly |
uglier |
ugliest |
early |
earlier |
earliest |
其他双音节词和多 音节词,在词前 加more或most
|
interesting |
more interesting |
most interesting |
过去分词的用法也有两个特点:一是表示完成,二是表示被动。
实意动词过去分词变化规律和他的过去式变化规律几乎是一样的:
①一般情况直接加ed,如ask—asked,work—worked
②以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如love—loved,dance—danced
③以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为ied,如try—tried,study—studied
④以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,先双写末尾一个字母,再加ed,
如stop—stopped,permit—permitted
注意:以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlled,尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveled/traveled。
特例:picnic—picnicked,另外还有很多动词的过去分词是不合乎上述规则的,需熟记。
实意动词过去式与过去分词的区别:
过去式是发生过的事;
过去分词形式是发生了并且对现在造成影响的事 。
过去式是用来作谓语的
过去分词用于完成时结构的谓语。
另外,在两者的形式也有所差异,有的过去式和过去分词一样 ,有的不一样 .
比如:
begin began begun 就不一样
teach taught taught 就一样
用的时候一定要分清
过去分词结构:1. 过去分词独立结构
过去分词有时可有其独立主语,二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中,常用作状语,用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。如:
He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.
他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随)
This done,we went home.
做完此事,我们就回家了。(表时间)
All our savings gone,the couple started looking for jobs.
积蓄全部用完了,这对夫妻就开始找工作。(表原因)
That point settled,the speaker went on to the next one.
那个问题讲完了,演讲人继续讲下一个问题。(表时间)
2. with/without+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构
With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考虑到了,我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。
With different methods used,different results are obtained.
采用不同的方法,得到不同的结果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一个字也没说,就生气地走了。
3. 过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语
(1) 过去分词(短语)在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语,这些词语有: have 让,使 keep 使处于某状态 get 使得
see 看见 hear 听见 find 发现
feel 感觉到 leave 使处于某状态 make 使
want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意
observe 观察 watch 注视 set 使处于某状态
如:
The work left him exhausted.
这个活使得他筋疲力尽。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修过了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不说的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。
(2)过去分词(短语)在使役动词get或have之后作宾语补足语,表示的动作往往是由别人完成的。如:
I had my car repaired
我把我的车修好了。(别人修的)
I had my hair cut
我理发了。(别人给我理的)
We must get the television set repaired
我们必须把电视机修好。(被别人修)
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗户给打破了。(被他人打破)
初中英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表:
(1)AAA型(动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形)
cost(花费)cost cost
cut(割) cut cut
spit spit/spat spit/ spat(英)
hit(打) hit hit
hurt 伤害) hurt hurt
let(让) let let
put(放) put put
read (读)read read
(2) AAB型(动词原形与过去式同形)
beat(跳动) beat beaten
(3) ABA型(动词原形与过去分词同形)
become(变成) became become
awake awoke awoken
come(来) came come
run(跑) ran run
(4) ABB型(过去式与过去分词同形)
dig(挖) dug dug build built built
get(得到) got got/gotten catch caught caught
hang(吊死) hanged hanged deal dealt dealt
hang(悬挂) hung hung feed fed fed
hold(抓住) held held find found found
shine(照耀) shone shone sit(坐) sat sat
pay paid paid win (赢) won won
send sent sent meet(遇见) met met
shoot shot shot keep (保持) kept kept
tell told told sleep(睡) slept slept
win won won sweep(扫) swept swept
feel(感觉) felt felt smell(闻) smelt/smelled smelt/ smelled
leave(离开) left left build(建设) built built
lend(借出) lent lent send (传送) sent sent
spend(花费) spent spent lose (丢失) lost lost
burn (燃烧) burnt burnt learn(学习) learnt learnt
mean(意思是) meant meant catch(抓住) caught caught
teach(教) taught taught bring(带来) brought brought
fight (战斗) fought fought buy(买) bought bought
think(想) thought thought hear (听见) heard heard
sell(卖) sold sold tell(告诉) told told
say(说) said said find(找到) found found
have/has(有) had had make(制造) made made
stand(站) stood stood understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型(动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形)
begin(开始) began begun take(取) took taken
drink(喝) drank drunk mistake(弄错) mistook mistaken
ring(铃响) rang rung ride(骑) rode ridden
sing (唱) sang sung do(做) did done
swim(游泳) swam swum write(写) wrote written
blow(吹) blew blown go(去)went gone
draw (画) drew drawn lie(平躺) lay lain
fly(飞) flew flown see(看见) saw seen
grow(生长) grew grown wear (穿) wore worn
know(知道) knew known be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been
throw(投掷) threw thrown show(出示) showed shown
break(打破) broke broken choose(选择) chose chosen
forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot) bear bore borne/born
speak(说,讲) spoke spoken draw drew drawn
wake(醒) woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed
drive(驾驶) drove driven hide hid hidden
eat(吃) ate eaten lay laid laid 放置
fall(落下) fell fallen lie lied lied 撒谎
give(给) gave given lie lay lain 躺
rise(升高) rose risen see saw seen
shake shook shaken steal stole stolen
can----could may---might will---would shall---should
must----must
实意动词:即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:
及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;
不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。
实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
英汉实意动词用法比较:与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。
实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他
情态动词:
是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
情态动词有四类: ①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare
③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to
④情态动词表猜测
注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
常用的有:can may could must have use .
情态动词特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
He could be here soon.他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:
基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)
除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
Still,she needn't have run away.
5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
Must I read books every day、
No,you needn't
常见情态动词用法:
1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。
3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。
8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。
情态动词功能:
助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。
基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;
情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
1) 构成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3) 构成修辞倒装:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定动词词组:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
情态动词表推测的用法小结 (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。
(1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?
他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。
(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。
(1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?
(2)Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态
1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。
(2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。
(1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
(2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
(3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?
布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
(2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?
注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
例如:
(4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)
(5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)
她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。
(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. (虚拟)
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。