疑问副词：
用来引导特殊疑问句，表示时间，地点，方式，原因等。
常见的有：when,where,how,why等。

疑问副词的用法：
1.疑问副词是问何时、何地、如何、因何的副词，主要有when, where, how, why。

2.疑问副词用在句首。
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美国待多久了?

3.疑问副词在句中引导名词子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。

4.疑问副词后接不定词构成的名词片语，在句中可以作主词、受词或主词补语。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解决这个问题使他伤透脑筋。
（How to solve the problem作主词。）
I don't know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答这个问题。
（how to answer the question作受词。）
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
这个病人急需这种药,但问题是哪里能找到。
（where to get it作主词补语。）

5.疑问副词引导的名词子句可作主词、受词或主词补语。
When we are to start the competition hasn't fixed yet.
我们什么时候开始比赛还没有定下来。
（When we are to start the competition作主词。）
She asked her husband where he had been.
她问她丈夫去哪里了。
（where he had been 作受词。）
The question is when we can finish our work.
问题是我们何时能完成我们的工作。
（when we can finish our work作主词补语。）

疑问代词与疑问副词的区别：
1. 疑问代词做对陈述句的主语，宾语或定语提问，即做句子的主语，宾语或定语，如what, who/ whom, whose.
eg. Who is talking ? What can you see?
Whose shirt is this?
2.疑问副词对时间，地点，方式等状语提问，如when, where, how 等.
eg. When is your birthday? Where are you going?
How do you know?
常见的疑问代词：what  who  which  whom(只做宾语）
疑问副词：how  where  when
还有whether是疑问连接词。

实意动词：
即行为动词，表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的，能独立用作谓语。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种：
及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；
不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

实意动词使用方法：
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?

英汉实意动词用法比较：
与汉语的比较，有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
(比较：We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
用于be动词之后，实义动词之前。

 实意动词的用法：
肯定句：
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句：
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式：
Did+主语+动词原型+其他

一般疑问句：
是疑问句的一种。通常用yes，no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义，句末用升调。
其结构是：系动词be/助动词/情态动词＋主语＋其他成分？　
通常回答为： 　　
肯定：Yes+主语+提问的助动词 　　
否定：No+主语+提问的助动词+not 
例如：
Are you from Japan?   Yes, I am.／No, I'm not.
Do you live near your school?　Yes, I do.／No, I don't. 
Can you speak French? 　Yes, I can.／No, I can't.
一般疑问句的特性：
1．将陈述句变为一般疑问句时，如句中有be 动词（am/ is/ are）时，可直接将它们提至主语前。
如主语为第一人称，应将其改为第二人称。如：
I'm in Class 2Grade 1． →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖
We're watching TV． →Are you watching TV﹖
2．陈述句中有情态动词（can、may、must …）时，也可直接将它们提至主语前，即可成为一般疑问句。如：
He can swim now． →Can he swim now﹖
The children may come with us． → May the children come with us﹖
3．陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时，变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如：
I like these animals． →Do you like these animals﹖
She wants to go to the movies． → Does she want to go to the movies﹖
4．一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)
5．一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如：
Are they in town now﹖
I think so.
May I sit here﹖
Certainly．
Does he like soccer﹖
Sorry I don't know．
6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。
陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧：
根据一般疑问句不同的家族，可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。
1、第一家族：含be动词或情态动词的句子
秘诀：一调二改三问号
一调：即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前；
二改：改换主语称谓，即将句中的主语Imy minesweourours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称youyour yours等；
三问号：句末的句号改为问号。如：
Eg. I am an English teacher.    →    Are you an English teacher?
Eg. We can speak English fluently.   →    Can you speak English fluently?

2、第二家族：含行为动词（或称为实义动词）的句子
秘诀：一加二改三问号
一加：即在句首加助动词Do或Does；
二改：1、把谓语动词改为原形；2、改换主语称谓（同第一家组）；
三问号：句末的句号改为问号。
Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?
Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?
特别注意：对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原，因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。

3、加强记忆口诀：
肯变一，并不难，can 或be提在前；
谓语若为行为动，do 或does句首用。

宾语从句：
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
宾语从句连接代词主要有：
who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。

宾语从句的特点:
1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.

宾语从句的时态:
1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 

宾语从句的语序:
A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 　　
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. 　　
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 　　　
Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible. 　　
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.　 
C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. 　　
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. 
D.  主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. 　　
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner

宾语从句的否定转移:
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?

宾语从句中引导词的用法比较
在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词：who, whose, what ,which
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。

（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）
1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

2.在以下情况中that不能省略
a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

2.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句
a.在带to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
b.在介词的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接与or not连用时
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.

3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.

if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。）
e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

简化宾语从句常用六法：
方法一：
当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，
且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。
例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.

方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，
且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，
且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？
→Could you tell me how to get to the station？

方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，
如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy