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  • 改错题
    短文改错
    Attention please, everyone.We have accepted the weather forecast on the radio this morning
    that there will have a heavy rain tonight.Be sure shut the windows and doors until you leave your
    classrooms.The sports meet that we planned to hold on tomorrow will be put off.After it becomes
    fine, we'll make other announcement.We will have classes on Wednesday as usually.Since it is
    colder tomorrow, please dress on more clothes in time.Those who comes to school by bike, don't
    keep your umbrella open while riding.
    _______________________________________________________________________
    本题信息:2012年同步题英语改错题难度一般 来源:刘婷婷
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本试题 “短文改错Attention please, everyone.We have accepted the weather forecast on the radio this morningthat there will have a heavy rain tonight.Be sure...” 主要考查您对

可数名词及其单复数

不定代词

形容词

从属连词

系动词

动词

不定式

主谓一致

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 可数名词及其单复数
  • 不定代词
  • 形容词
  • 从属连词
  • 系动词
  • 动词
  • 不定式
  • 主谓一致

可数名词:

是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。 
                         


可数名词复数的规则变化: 

情况 构成方法  读音 例词
一般情况 加 –s 1.清辅音后读/s/;
2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/; 
map-maps
bag-bags
car-cars
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾
的词 
加 -s 读 /iz/  license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词   变y 为i再加es  读 /z/ baby-babies
另外:
1)以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 
如:two Marys the Henrys      monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays  
比较:层楼:storey---storeys  story---stories
2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos  piano---pianos 
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 
3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs   safe---safes  gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f, fe 加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves  wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 均可,如:handkerchief:  handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

可数名词复数的不规则变化:

1)child---children foot---feet  tooth---teeth   mouse---mice  man---men woman---women  
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 
如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形 如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
   a dollar, two dollars;  a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如:staff  people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a staff  a people,a police,a cattle,
但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the
Japanese, the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 
如:The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
 <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes ;
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼

复合名词的复数形式:
   名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1)用复数作定语。
如:sports meeting 运动会 
students reading-room 学生阅览室  
talks table 谈判桌    
the foreign languages department 外语系
2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers  
women teachers 
gentlemen officials
3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。
如:goods train (货车) 
arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件
clothes brush衣刷
4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) 
a ten-mile walk 十里路 
two-hundred trees 两百棵树           
a five-year plan 一个五年计划   

可数名词单复数知识体系:

 


不同国籍人的单复数:

国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese  two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians  an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a German two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes


不定代词概说:

英语的不定代词有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。


不定代词用法对比:

1、so little与such little的区别:
用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little: 
如:He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。 
 I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。
2、some与any的用法区别:
一般说来,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some而不用any:
如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?
        Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?
        Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?
注:any有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:
如:Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。
        Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。
3、many与much的用法区别:
两者都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与few(少数)相对;
而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中: 
如:Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
        We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。
在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;
另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修饰,也可用于肯定句中:
如:Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。
        Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。
        You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。
        Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 
        I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。
4、few, a few与little, a little的用法区别:
(1)few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;
a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:
如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。
        It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。
(2)little和alittle之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似:
如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。
        Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
5、other, the other, another与others的用法区别:
这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下: 
(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other:
如:Give me another(one). 另外给我一个。 
        Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2)指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):
如:There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
       Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了?
(3)others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地the others大致相当于“the other+复数名词”:
如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
        He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4)another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时,则也可接复数名词:
如:We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
        In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
(5)与some对比使用时,用others(此时与some同义):
如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。


不定代词用法点拨:

1、指两者和三者的不定代词
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:
如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
        All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
        There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。
        He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。
        He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。
:each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。

2、复合不定代词的用法特点:
复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点:
(1)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:
如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。
        Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?
(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their:
如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
        If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
(3)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they:
如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?
(4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语,可用any one, every one(分开写):
如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)
        every one of the students(schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)

3、是any not还是not any:
按英语习惯,any以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:
误:Anyone doesn't know how to do it.
正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。
误:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it.
正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.这事谁也干不了。
误:Anything can not prevent me from going.
正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。

4、不定代词与部分否定:
不定代词all, both, every等与not连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none, neither, no one等。
比较:All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 
            Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
            All of the students don't like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
            None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。

5、all, both, each等用作同位语:
若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:
如:We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all修饰的主语是代词)
        The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all修饰的主语是名词)
        They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all修饰的宾语是代词)
但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)


不定代词知识体系:

 


不定代词与语境考题:

不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解:
例1:—Is____here?
        —No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A. anybody
B. everybody
C. somebody
D. nobody
解析:
若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?)

例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
解析:
此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。

例3:—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?
          —No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.
A. something
B. anything
C. everything
D. nothing
解析:答案:C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”

例4:—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.
          —Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
解析:
此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于the thing)。


形容词的概念:

形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。


形容词的作用与位置:

形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记;
(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。
如:a language difficult to master,
        a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。
(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。
如:I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
(6)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+shape(形状)+age(年龄、时间)+color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。

口诀:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。
如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
        the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings


形容词的用法:

1、形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面:
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。
大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:
afraid害怕的。(错)Heisanillman. (对)Themanisill. (错)Sheisanafraidgirl. (对)Thegirlisafraid.
这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:somethingnice

2、用形容词表示类别和整体:
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。
2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。如:the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.

以-ly结尾的形容词:
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:
如:(错)She sang lovely.
        (错)He spoke to me very friendly.
        (对)Her singing was lovely.
        (对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early .
如:The Times is a daily paper. 
        The Times is published daily.


形容词知识体系:

 


复合形容词的构成

(1)形容词+名词+ed:
          如:kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired 白发的
(2)形容词+形容词:
          如:red-hot 炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的
(3)形容词+现在分词:
          如:good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的
(4)副词+现在分词:
          如:hard-working 勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的
(5)副词+过去分词:
          如:hard-won 得来不易的,newly-made 新建的
(6)名词+形容词:
          如:life-long 终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的
(7)名词+现在分词:
          如:peace-loving 爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑的
(8)名词+过去分词:
          如:snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的
(9)数词+名词+ed:
          如:four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词+名词(名词用单数):
          如:ten-year 10年的,  two-man 两人的


从属连词的概念:

连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词。


英语从属连词用法分类详解:

1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词:
 (1)表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when, while, as, whenever:
如:He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。 
        We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。
        The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。
(2)表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after:
如:Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。
        He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。
(3)表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till:
如:He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。
        Most men worked until[till] they're 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。
(4)表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等:
如:Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。
        I recognized her the moment(that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。
        I want to see him the minute(that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。
        I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。
       Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
(5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次):
如:Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候,他好像有病。
        Next time you're in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。
        Do look me up next time you're in London. 你下次到伦敦来,一定来找我。
        Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他,他都不在。
       You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。
【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词,(the)next time, (the)last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
2、引导条件状语从句的从属连词:
这类连词主要有if, unless, as[so] long as, incase等:
如:If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home. 要是有人打电话来,就说我不在家。
        You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。
        As[So] long as you need me, I'll stay. 只要你需要我,我就留下。
        In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。
【注】在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的if之后可能用will,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词):
如:If you will wait a moment, I'll fetch the money. 请等一下,我就去拿钱。
3、引导目的状语从句的从属连词:
主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等:
如:We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。
        Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚,以便让他们能明白你的意思。
        Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些,免得把婴儿吵醒。
        He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。
4、引导结果状语从句的从属连词:
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等:
如:We're all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了,终于能开会了。
        It's so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题,我们没有一个人能回答。
        He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。
【注】so that中的that在口语中通常可以省略。
5、引导原因状语从句的从属连词:
主要的有because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that)等:
如:He couldn't got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。
        Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion. 大家都到了,我们就开始吧。
        Seeing that it is 8o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点,我们将不再等了。
        Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。
6、引导让步状语从句的从属连词:
主要有although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等:
如:Although[Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。
        Though[Even though] it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活,但我乐意干。
        Even if you don't like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒,也尝尝这杯吧。
7、引导方式状语从句的从属连词:
主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等:
如:Do it as[like] he does. 像他那样做。
        He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。
        They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。
        Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do.没有人像我这样爱你。
8、引导地点状语从句的从属连词:
主要有where, wherever, everywhere等:
如:There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。
        Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。
        Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。
9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词:
主要有than和as…as:
如:It's easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。
        They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。
10、引导名词性从句的从属连词:
主要有that, if, whether:
如:It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 
       Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。
       Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。
       She didn't say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。


从属连词知识体系:

 


用作从属连词的六类名词结构:

英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词,用以引导状语从句,且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类:
一、the+瞬间名词:
其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等,其意为“一……就……”,相当于as soon as。
如:The minute he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。  
Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results. 你一有结果,马上给我打电话。 
I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累,一合上眼就睡着了。
Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice.她一听出是我的声音,马上就放下电话听筒。
注:其中的瞬间名词后可接that,也可省略。另外,有的个别副词(如directly/immediately等)也可表示类似意思。
如: Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。

二、the+季节名词:
其中的季节名词包括spring,summer,autumn,winter,其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。
如:His wife left him thes pring he went abroad.在他出国的那年春天,他的妻子离开了他。
He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob.在他失业的那年夏天,他卖掉房子去了南方。
He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born.在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天,他被关进了监狱。
She got married the autumn she graduated from college.她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。

三、the+时间名词:
其中的时间名词主要包括hour,day,night,week,month,season,year等,其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。
如: The hour he wa sin her office,he felt very sad.当他在她办公室的时候,他感到很伤心。
The day here turned home,his father was already dead.他回家的那一天,他的父亲已经死了。
The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting.就我去看她的那个晚上,她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。
Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill.史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。
They ear helivedinthecountry,he learned alot.他在乡下呆的那一年,他学到了不少东西。

四、the+序数词+time
其中的序数词包括first,second,third,fourth等,其意为“当第几次……的时候”。
如: My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed.我头一次和女朋友打扑克,她就把我赢了。
These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman.我第二次见到她时,她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there,I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty.我第三次去那儿时,我发现他们都离开了,所有的办公室都是空的。
注:
1.next,last也具有类似序数词的性质,因此也具有以上用法。
如: Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来,请关门。
Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2.thefirsttime,thesecondtime,thethirdtime等用作连词引导时间状语从句时,其前通常要有定冠词,而(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime引导状语从句时,其中的冠词可以省略,如下面这道上海高考题,其答案是C,不是A:
I though ther nice and honest______Imether.
A.first time  B.fo rthe first time C.the first timeD.by the first time

五、不定代词+time
其中的不定代词主要包括each,every,any等。
如:Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged.我每次给她打电话,电话都占线。
Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money.每次我见到他,他不是向我诉苦,就是要向我借钱。
He felt nervous each times he spoke to him.每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。
AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup.你无论什么时候到伦敦来,一定要来看我。
注意:everytime,eachtime,anytime用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词,它与the first time,these cond time,the third time等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。

六、其他名词结构
以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句,有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句,如the way可用于引导方式状语从句,表示“像……一样”。如:
The didn’t do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did.乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。
注:这样用的theway与as用法相似。
如:Hold itin both hands,the way(=as)Mummy does.用两只手捧住,像妈妈那样。


系动词的概念:

连系动词(link verb)是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须后接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。连系动词的功能主要是把表语(名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句)和它的主语联系在一起,说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义,不能在句中独立作谓语,必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它是虚词。


系动词的分类:

1、状态系动词:
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。
例如:He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2、持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand:
例如:The weather will continue cold and wet.
            He remained poor after 20years.
            The shop will stay open at 11:00p.m.
            He stood/sat silent there. 
3、表像系动词:
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look。
例如:She appears to have know this thing.
            She seems a student.
4、感官系动词:
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。
例如:The silk feels soft.
            Your idea sounds a good one.
            He looked like his mother.
            The mixture tasted terrible.
            The flower smells sweet.
5、变化系动词:
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。
例如:My dream o fcoming to China has come true.
            In summer food often goes bad.
            He turned doctor./ He became a doctor.
            He fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.
6、终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,表达"证实","变成"之意。
例如:The truth he stuck to proved true.

系动词基本用法:

连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词,它与其后的表语一起构成谓语。
常见的连系动词有be(是),become(成为),get(变成),remain(还是),seem(似乎是),look(看上去),feel(感觉)等。
连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词,有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等:
如:His English is excellent. 他的英语很棒。(跟形容词)
        He is a famous poet. 他是著名诗人。(跟名词)
        Money isn't everything. 金钱不是一切。(跟代词)
        She was the first to arrive. 她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词)
        Who is up stairs? 谁在楼上?(跟副词)
        He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语)
        He seems to be ill.他似乎病了。(跟不定式)
        Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(跟动名词)
        This is what you need. 这就是你需要的。(跟从句)
:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。
例如:1、She tasted①the soup to see if it tasted②too salty.  她尝了一口汤,看是否太咸。
            2、The doctor is feeling①his pulse because he feels②sick. 因为身体不舒服,医生正在给他切脉。
            3、The mother looked①at the sick child sadly and she looked②sad. 母亲难过地看着生病的孩子。
            4、She smelled①the meat to make sure it still smelled②good. 她闻了闻肉,看看是否还新鲜。
            5、The teacher asked the students to keep②quite when they were keeping①everything in order. 当学生整理东西时,老师让他们保持安静。
从以例子不难出,标①的动词为实义动词,他们后跟有宾语;标②的动词为系动词,其后往往跟形容词、名词、不定式等作表语。


系动词知识体系:

 


连系动词使用应注意的两点:

 1、关于连系动词后接副词作表语:
连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语,一般不接副词:
误:His English is very well. 他的英语很好。(应将well改为good)
误:Be carefully. 小心点。(应将carefully改为careful)
误:The soup tastes nicely. 这汤味道不错。(应将nicely改为nice)
但是,有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语,不过这主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside等少数副词小品词以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词:
如:Mother wasn't in last night. 母亲昨晚不在家。
        The meeting was over at five. 会议五点结束。
        Come along. The taxi is outside. 来吧,出租车在外面。
        Mother is downstairs waiting for you. 母亲在楼下等你。
2、关于连系动词后接不定式:
(1)连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语:
如:My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。 
        All I could do was to wait. 我只能等。
        My plan was to go from London to Paris. 我计划从伦敦去巴黎。
        I was to have seen Mr Kay. 我本要去见凯先生的。
(2)seem, appear, prove, continue, turn out, get, grow, come等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语:
如:She always seems to be sad. 她常常显得很忧伤。
        My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证明是错的。
        She appears to have many friends. 他好像有很多朋友。
        The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。
        Circumstances continue to be favorable.  情况仍然是有利的。
        He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。

若所接不定式为to be,通常可以省略。不过,若其后接的是表语形容词,则to be通常不宜省略。
另外,连系动词look后能否接tobe似乎尚有争论,不过,在现代英语中接to be的现象已较普遍。
(3)sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式:
误:These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be)
误:The roses smell to be nice.(应去掉to be)
(4)有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写:
如:It seems that she's right./ She seems to be right. 她似乎是对的。
        It appears that you have made a mistake./You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。


动词的定义:

表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。
例如:We have lunch at 12. (have是行为动词)
            We have been to NewYork. (have是助动词) 
            I am hungry. (am是系动词) 
            You need not have waited for me. (need是情态动词) 
            The door needs painting. (need是兼类词)


动词的分类:

1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:
实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词。
例如:We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)
            He has gone to NewYork.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。)
3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:
及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。
例如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
            She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:
限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)。
例如:She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
            She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:
单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)
例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
            Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
            The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(takecareof是动词短语。)
6)动词有五种形态,分别是:
原形(OriginalForm)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。


动词知识体系:


动词不定式的概念:

动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。


不定式的特殊句型对比:

1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…:
1)too…to 太…以至于…。
例如:He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。  
        —Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
        —Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为“不太”。
例如:It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语) 
3)当too前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…等于very。
例如:I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 
            He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to:
1)表示目的:它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如:Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。   
            Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果:
例如:Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型:Why not:
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不……?   干吗不……?
例如:Why not take a holiday?


不定式的用法:

1、不定式作补语:
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。      
            The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。
例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 等。
例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 
            We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)
典型例题:Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
                    A. to invent 
                    B. inventing 
                    C. to have invented 
                    D. having invented 
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。 3)有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
            You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语:
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
            It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 
            It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 
            It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。  
            His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。   
            There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
5、不定式作状语:
1)目的状语:常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)...asto…(如此…以便…)。
例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。  
            I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
例如:I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。  
            He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因:
例如:I'm glad to see you.  见到你很高兴。
            She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件:
例如:He must be a fool to say so.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.


不定式知识体系:

 


不定式用法拓展:

1、用作介词的to:
to可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admit to  object to  beaccus to  med to  beused to  stick to  turn to开始 look forward to  be devoted to  pay attention to  contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

2、省去to的动词不定式:
1)情态动词(除ought外)后。
2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。
例如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.  
           The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3)would rather,had better句型后:
4)Why…/why not…句型后:
5)help后可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
6)but和except后:
but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。  
            He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:
8)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。
例如:He is supposed(to be)nice. 他应该是个好人。

3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如:Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。 
            She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
例如:It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如:It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。
例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。  
            He is hard.(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)


主谓一致的概念:

谓语的数必须和主语的人称和数保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。


主谓一致的基本原则:

1)语法一致原则,即在语法形式上取得一致。例如,主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。
例如:The students are very young.
            This picture looks beautiful.
2)意义一致原则,即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如,主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数,谓语动词也采取复数形式;
而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数,谓语动词也采取单数形式。
例如:The people in that country are fighting for independence.
            The crowd deeply respect their leader. 
            Three years in a strange land seems a long time.
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
例如:Neither hen or I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy.


几对容易混淆词组的一致用法:

1、由“this/thatkind/typeof+名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式;而由"these/thosekind/typeof+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。
例如:This kind of apples is highly priced.
            Those kind(s) of tests are good.
2、由“a number of,a totalo f,an average of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;由“the number of,the total of,the average of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如:A number of students are waiting for the bus.
            The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.
3、one of,the(only) one of的一致用法
例如:This is one of the books that have been recommended.
            This is the(only) one of the books that has been recommended.


 主谓一致用法点拨:

1、并列结构作主语谓语用复数:
如:Reading and writing are very important.
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题:
The League secretary and monitor___asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案:B.
注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A、C本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。

2、主谓一致中的靠近原则:
1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
            There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
例如:Either you or she is to go. 
            Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致:
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 
            He as well as I wants to go boating.

4、谓语需用单数:

1)代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。
例如:Each of us has a tape-recorder. 
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
例如:Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
            Ten yuan is enough.

5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数:
1)在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
例如:All is right. (一切顺利。)
            All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。
例如:family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。
例如:His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
            His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
例如:Are there any police around?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of+名词复数+复数动词。 The number of+名词复数+单数动词。
例如:A number of books have lent out.
            The majority of the students like English.

6、与后接名词或代词保持一致:

1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。
例如:Most of his money is spent on books.
            Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2)在一些短语,如many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。
但由more than…of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
例如:Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
            More than 60percent of the students are from the city. 百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市


主谓一致知识体系:

 


主谓一致用法拓展:

1)当everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everything,anything,something,nothing等用作主语时,其相应的代词一般用单数形式。
例如:If anybody calls, tell him that I'm out.
            Something strange happened, didn't it? 
2)人称代词与名词的呼应:人称代词I(me),he(him),she(her),it(it) 都是代替前面的单数名词,而they(them),we(us)则是代替复数名词的,you既可以代表单数,也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候,用he或one来表示。
例如:If a young person enters a classical music field only for money, he is in the wrong profession. 
3)物主代词与名词的呼应:my,our,his,her,its,their要与代替的名词在数上一致。
例如:The welfare department,as well as the other social services,will have its budget cut.
4)反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。
例如:Many primitive people believed that by eating ananimal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
5)指示代词与所代名词间的呼应:this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词,these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词,引导定语从句,表示“那些人”)。
例如:She invited all those who had been her former colleagues.
6)much和muchof后接不可数名词,而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。
例如:There is not much coal left.
            A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake.
7)表示量的词后面有的接可数名词,有的接不可数名词。
接可数名词的有:a number of,a rangeof,a series of十复数名词;
接不可数名词的有:a great deal of,an amount of十不可数名词;
既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有:a lot of,a variety of。
例如:1.The government attached a great deal of importance to education.
            2.Quiteanumberofwomenappliedforthisjob.
            3.The college library has avariety of books.
            4.An apple is avariety off ruit.