本试题 “短文改错增加:在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧),并在此符号下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线( )划掉。修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出...” 主要考查您对可数名词及其单复数
反身代词
形容词的比较级
形容词
副词
介词和介词短语
并列连词
不定式
一般过去时
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
可数名词:
是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。
情况 | 构成方法 | 读音 | 例词 |
一般情况 | 加 –s | 1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/; |
map-maps bag-bags car-cars |
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词 | 加 -es | 读 /iz/ | bus-buses watch-watches |
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾 的词 |
加 -s | 读 /iz/ | license-licenses |
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 | 变y 为i再加es | 读 /z/ | baby-babies |
可数名词单复数知识体系:
不同国籍人的单复数:
国籍
总称(谓语用复数)
单数
复数
中国人
the Chinese
a Chinese
two Chinese
瑞士人
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳大利亚人
the Australians
an Australian
two Australians
俄国人
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意大利人
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希腊人
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法国人
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
日本人
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美国人
the Americans
an American
two Americans
印度人
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加拿大人
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德国人
the Germans
a German
two Germans
英国人
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典人
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
反身代词的定义:
反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:
通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性别、数上保持一致。
反身代词人称、单复数对比:
|
单数 |
复数 |
第一人称 |
myself |
ourselves |
第二人称 |
yourself |
yourselves |
第三人称 |
himself |
themselves |
herself |
themselves | |
itself |
themselves |
反身代词的基本形式:
反身代词是oneself 根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。
oneself 与 himself:
当one指人时,其相应的反身代词通常用oneself,在美国英语中也可用 himself:One should not praise oneself[himself].一个人不应该自吹自擂。
反身代词用法拓展:
1、反身代词不能做主语,但可作主语同位语,放在主语后或句末。
错:Myself went to the cinema.
对:I went to the cinema myself.
2、反身代词可以作宾语的同位语。如:You can go and ask John himself. 你可以去问约翰本人。
3、反身代词可以作介词的宾语,如:by oneself 全靠自己
She learnt swimming all by herself. 她是自学游泳的。
She said to herself,"Who am I?" 她自言自语的说:“我是谁?”
4、反身代词作动词的宾语。如:enjoy oneself 玩得高兴;help oneself (to) 随便用..... hurt oneself 伤害自己;
teach oneself 自学;get dressed oneself 自己穿衣。
形容词比较级概念:
大多数形容词(性质形容词)有比较级,用来表示两个人或事物之间的比较“较……”。
如:I am taller than you.
形容词比较级特殊用法:
1、没有比较对象的比较结构:
所谓没有比较对象的比较结构不是指省略而言,而是指并非真正的比较。
例如:The car runs faster than110 miles. 那辆车时速为110多英里。
There is more than one solution to the problem. 这个问题的解决办法不止一个。
The daily cost in an average hospital in the United States can run as high as $250. 在美国普通医院的每天的费用可高达250美元。
2、用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思:
在这种情况下,往往是将一个人或是一件事与其他所有的人或事相比较。注意别忘了常在比较状语中用any, other, else类的字眼,以将比较主体排除在比较对象以外,因为自己不可以与自己相比较。
例如:He is taller than any one else in our class. 他在我们班比其他任何都高。
Iron is more useful than any other metals. 铁比其他任何金属更有作用。
3、no+比较级+than的结构表示“A和B一样不……”:
例如:She runs no faster than her sister.她与她妹妹一样跑不快。
Tom is no wiser than John. 汤姆和约翰一样没有聪明才智。
He is no richer than his brother. 他与他弟弟一样不富有。
4、汉语可以说“昆明的气候比兰州好”。英语必须加that:
例如:The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.
5、英语比较级常译作“较…”、“…一些”等,但不等于汉语的“更…”。汉语的“更…”须用“still”或“even”来表示:
如:This book is even more difficult than that one. 这本书比那本书更难。
6、有些情况下,汉语不用“较”等字眼,英语则须用比较级:
如:Will the younger people give their seats to old people? 请年轻人把座位让给老年人好不好?
形容词比较级的用法:
1、比较级用于二者的比较,其结构是:含有形容词比较级的主句+从属连词than引导的从句(从句中常省去意义上和主句相同的部分)。
如:Li is older than Zhou. 李比周年纪大。(从句中省去了is old)
There are more children in this nursey than in that one. 这个托儿所的孩子比那个托儿所多。(从句中省去了there are children)
After two years' physical training, she is healthier and stronger. 经过两年的体力锻炼,她(比以前)健康强壮多了。(注意这里省去了从句than she was)
We are much better off than ever before. 我们的生活比过去任何时候都要好得多。(than后省去了we were)
Paul weighs less than harry. 保尔的体重比哈利轻。
Mary is less clever than Jane. 玛丽不如简那么聪明。
2、可修饰比较级的词:
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1)—Are you feeling ____?
—Yes,I'm fine now.
A. any well
B. any better
C. quite good
D. quite better
答案:B. any可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The experiment was____easier than we had expected.
A. more
B. muchmore
C. much
D. moremuch
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have___at school.
A. the happiest time
B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time
D. a much happier time
答案:D.
注:many, old和far用法:
1)如果后接名词时,much more+不可数名词 many more+可数名词复数
2)old有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和elder/eldest。elder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
如:My elder brother is an engineer.
3)far有两种比较级,farther,further在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中,father表示距离,further表示进一步。
如:I have nothing further to say.
3、比较级中的两个特殊作用的结构:
1)The+比较级+句子,表示的意义是“越(怎么样就)越(怎么样)”,在这个结构中的两个“比较级”不要求一定词性相同,它们各自的词性要依句子的需要而定;
2)和比较级+and+比较级。表示的意义是“越来越(怎么样)”,在这个结构中的两个“比较级”则要求词性相同。
例如:The harder you work at your study, the better academicrecords you will have. 你学习越努力,你的成绩就越好。
The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。
When winter is coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来临之际,天越来越冷了。
He became less and less satisfied with the foot ball team's performance. 他对足球队的表现越来越不满意了。
形容词比较等级知识体系:
特殊形容词比较级变化:
形容词的概念:
形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
形容词的作用与位置:
形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记;
(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。
如:a language difficult to master,
a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。
(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。
如:I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
(6)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+shape(形状)+age(年龄、时间)+color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。
口诀:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。
如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
形容词的用法:
1、形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面:
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。
大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:
afraid害怕的。(错)Heisanillman. (对)Themanisill. (错)Sheisanafraidgirl. (对)Thegirlisafraid.
这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:somethingnice
2、用形容词表示类别和整体:
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。
2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。如:the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.
以-ly结尾的形容词:
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:
如:(错)She sang lovely.
(错)He spoke to me very friendly.
(对)Her singing was lovely.
(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early .
如:The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
形容词知识体系:
复合形容词的构成:
(1)形容词+名词+ed:
如:kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired 白发的
(2)形容词+形容词:
如:red-hot 炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的
(3)形容词+现在分词:
如:good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的
(4)副词+现在分词:
如:hard-working 勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的
(5)副词+过去分词:
如:hard-won 得来不易的,newly-made 新建的
(6)名词+形容词:
如:life-long 终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的
(7)名词+现在分词:
如:peace-loving 爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑的
(8)名词+过去分词:
如:snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的
(9)数词+名词+ed:
如:four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词+名词(名词用单数):
如:ten-year 10年的, two-man 两人的
副词的概念:
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
副词的位置:
1)在动词之前。
2)在be动词、助动词之后。
3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。
如:We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
如:He speaks English well.
副词的排列顺序:
1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。
如:Please write slowly and carefully.
3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错)I very like English.
(对)I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
如:I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
兼有两种形式的副词:
1)close与closely:
close意思是“近”;closely意思是“仔细地”。
如: He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2)late与lately:
late意思是"晚";lately意思是“最近” 。
如:You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3)deep与deeply:
deep意思是“深”,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地” 。
如:He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high与highly:
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。
如:The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide与widely:
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地”,“在许多地方”。
如:He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6)free与freely:
free的意思是“免费”;freely的意思是“无限制地”。
如:You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely, say what you like.
副词知识体系:
介词和介词短语的概念:
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。
误用介词的三种情况:
1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。
2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。
3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。
介词的宾语:
1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
注:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。
It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
—On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.
并列连词的概念:
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。
并列连词与并列结构:
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1)and与or:
判断改错:
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析:第一句:and连接两个并列的谓语,所以talk应改为talked。
第二句:and连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang应改为sing。
第三句:and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)
如:Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2)both...and 两者都
如:She plays(both) the piano and the guitar.
3)not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且
如:She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar.
注意:not only…but also关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。
如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4)neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。
如:Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较so和such :
so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。
构成:so+adj.
such+a(n)+n.
so+adj.+a(n)+n.
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.(pl.)
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.[不可数]
such+n.[不可数]
如:so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many/few flowers
such nice flowers
so much/ little money.
such rapid progress
so many people
such a lot of people
注:so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于many,但a lot of为名词性的,只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
并列连词用法点拨:
1、表示并列关系:
1)or意思为“否则”。
如:I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2)either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
如:Either you or I am right.
2、表示转折或对比关系:
1)but表示转折,while表示对比。
如:Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题:
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and
B. so
C. as
D. but
答案:D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
2)not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
如:They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being.
3、表示原因关系:
1)for 判断改错:
(错)For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对)He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
并列连词知识体系:
种类 | 用法 | 举例 |
并列连词 | 表示转折关系 | yet, but等 |
表示并列关系 | and, or, either...or..., as welll as等 | |
表示因果关系 | for, so等 |
比较and和or的用法:
1)并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。
2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
如:There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
典型例题:
—I don't like chicken___fish.
—I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much.
A. and;and
B. and;but
C. or;but
D. or;and
答案:C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。
判断改错:
(错)We will die without air and water.
(错)We can't live without air or water.
(对)We will die without air or water.
(对)We can't live without air and water.
动词不定式的概念:
动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。
不定式的特殊句型对比:
1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…:
1)too…to 太…以至于…。
例如:He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。
—Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
—Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为“不太”。
例如:It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语)
3)当too前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…等于very。
例如:I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to:
1)表示目的:它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如:Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果:
例如:Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型:Why not:
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不……? 干吗不……?
例如:Why not take a holiday?
不定式的用法:
1、不定式作补语:
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。
例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 等。
例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)
典型例题:Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
A. to invent
B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。 3)有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语:
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
5、不定式作状语:
1)目的状语:常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)...asto…(如此…以便…)。
例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
例如:I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因:
例如:I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件:
例如:He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
不定式知识体系:
不定式用法拓展:
1、用作介词的to:
to可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admit to object to beaccus to med to beused to stick to turn to开始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to
2、省去to的动词不定式:
1)情态动词(除ought外)后。
2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。
例如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3)would rather,had better句型后:
4)Why…/why not…句型后:
5)help后可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
6)but和except后:
but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:
8)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。
例如:He is supposed(to be)nice. 他应该是个好人。
3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如:Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
例如:It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如:It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。
例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard.(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)
一般过去时的概念:
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
一般过去时的用法:
1、表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用。
如:My family moved here five years ago. 我家五年前搬到了这里。
I was born in 1973. 我生于1973年。
2、表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如:often,usually,always等连用。
如:He always worked in tonight those days. 那些日子他总是工作到深夜。
I often left on business in 1987. 1987年我经常出差。
注:表示“过去经常,而今不再”时,要用usedto.
如:I used to read newspaper after breakfast. 我过去经常早饭后看报纸。(意指现在已不是这样)
The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。
3、表示过去发生的一连串动作。
如:He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door. 他放下这沉重的箱子,掏出钥匙开了房门。
注:过去发生的一连串动作,若用and,or,but等并列连词连接,则一律用过去式。
如:They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper. 他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。
4、在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
如:He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information. 他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained. 玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
一般过去时的特别用法:
1、句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。
例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb.did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"。
例如:It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
2、would(had)rather sb.did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow. 还是明天来吧。
3、wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。
例如:Did you want any thing else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词could, would。
例如:Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
与“短文改错增加:在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧),并在此符号下面...”考查相似的试题有: