本试题 “Here is a train that has just come in, with crowds of people _____ off it.[ ]A. being gottenB. to getC. gettingD. gotten” 主要考查您对现在分词
独立主格结构
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
现在分词的概念:
现在分词(PresentParticiple)(又称-ing形式),是分词的一种,是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语)。一般式:doing;一般被动式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被动式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。
现在分词的用法:
1)做表语:
如:He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2)作定语:
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:
如:That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句:
如:There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3)作状语:
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作:
如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句:
如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句:
如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补:
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语:
例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.
现在分词其他用法解析:
1、现在分词一般式的用法:
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生:
如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔:
如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家,他决定留个字条。
He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时,现在分词通常位于句末。
2、现在分词完成式的用法:
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。
注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔:
如:Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。
Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式:
如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
(2)现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生):
误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window.
3、现在分词被动式的用法:
当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:
(1)现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
注:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
(2)现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
比较:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。
独立主格结构的概念:
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构基本构成形式:
名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)
1)名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2)名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3)名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的
主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4)名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5)名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6)名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure,he fired again.
他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
7)名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood
on her back.
每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
独立主格结构比较:
一、独立结构在句中的作用:
1、时间状语:
如:The test finished, we began our holiday. (=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.)
2、条件状语:
如:Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.)
3、原因状语:
如:The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working. (=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.)
4、伴随状语:
如:He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. (=He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)
二、其它形式的独立结构:
1、在以上所讲的独立结构前加with,这种结构在句中可作:
1)伴随状语:
如:With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.
The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).
He used to sleep with the window open.
2)原因状语:
如:He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
With Tom away, we have got more room.
3)时间状语:
如:With everything well arranged, he left his office.
三、It形式的独立结构(表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等):
如:It being Monday, the library is closed.
It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.
四、倒装结构:(即在独立结构中,逻辑主语在后)
1)there be形式:
如:There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.
2)such形式:
如:Such being the case, she had nothing to say.
3)介词短语形式:
如:In the sand being the mark of a man's foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.
独立主格结构注意事项:
1)独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
如:The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2)动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
如:The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的时间)
如:The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)
3)独立主格结构介词使用的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with的复合结构不受此限制。
如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
如:He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。
4)独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking(总的说来),Frankly speaking(坦率地说),Judging from (从……判断),Supposing(假设),等等。
如:Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest(老实说),to be sure(确实),to tell you the truth(说实话),to cut a long story short(长话短说),to be frank(坦率地说),to make matters/things worse(更糟糕的是),等等。
如:To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5)独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
如:If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
如:Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen)
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