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初中二年级英语

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  • 翻译题
    根据汉语提示完成英语句子。
    1. Alice                                    (能) cook last year.
    2. Jake            go home             (直到…才)10:00 p.m. last night.
    3. Don't                                  (忘了…带来) your homework to school.
    4. He said he                                    (擅长) math.
    5. 如果明天是晴天,我们就去游泳。
    If it                        , we            go            tomorrow.
    本题信息:2010年期中题英语翻译题难度较难 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “根据汉语提示完成英语句子。1. Alice (能) cook last year.2. Jake go home (直到…才)10:00 p.m. last night.3. Don't (忘了…带来) your homework to school....” 主要考查您对

单词、词组

形容词

情态动词

动词短语

一般过去时

状语从句

固定搭配

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 单词、词组
  • 形容词
  • 情态动词
  • 动词短语
  • 一般过去时
  • 状语从句
  • 固定搭配
根据最新人教版版和牛津版的初中英语教材的词汇量,一个水平较高的初中毕业生的词汇量应在2400左右。
初中的单词和词组词汇量要求数量会不断增长。
初中单词节选100例:
1dryadj干的,干燥的
2ill  adj 病的
3hope  v 希望
4composition  n 作文作品
5 remember  v 记起,想起
6 were  v 动词be(are)的过去式
7 bit  n 一点儿,小片
8 a bit  phr. 一点儿
9 healthy  adj 健康的,健壮的
10 grow up  phr. 成长,长大
11 visit  v 参观,访问,拜访
12 ago  adv 以前
13 the day before yesterday  phr 前天
14 enjoy  v 喜欢,享受...乐趣
15 world  n 世界
16 at the same time  phr. 同时
17 a moment ago  phr. 刚才
18 just now  phr. 不久以前,刚才
19 reply  n & v 答复,回答
20 by the way  phr. 顺便说,顺便问一下
21 match  n 比赛,竞赛
22 cold  adj 冷的,寒冷的
23 drive  v 驾驶
24 plan  n 计划
25 diary  n 日记
26 make telephone calls  phr. 打电话
27 go out  phr. 外出,到外面
28 India  n 印度
29 went  v 动词go的过去式
30 rain  v 下雨
31 rained  v 动词rain的过去式
32 momery  n 记忆力,存储器
33 pack  v 打包,打行李
34 everything  pron 每件事,每样东西,一切
35 umbrella  n 伞,雨伞
36 anyone  pron 任何人
37 date  n 日期
38 season  n 季节
39 write down  phr. 写下,记下
40 January  n 一月
41 March  n 三月
42 June  n 六月
43 July  n 七月
44 August  n 八月
45 December  n 十二月
46 spring  n 春天
47 last  v 持续,耐久
48 weather  n 天气
49 warm  adj 暖和的,热情的
50 come out  phr. (花)开,发(芽),出来
51 heavily  adv 打量地,猛烈地,厉害地
52 crop  n 庄稼,收成
53 really  adv 确实,真正地
54 snow  n & v 雪,下雪
55 snowman  n 雪人
56 all the year round  phr. 一年到头
57 true  adj 真的,真实的
58 nearly  adv 将近,几乎
59 unlike  prep 不像,和...不同
60 opposite  adj 对面的,相反的
61 sunny  adj 晴朗的,阳光充足的
62 cloud  n 云
63 cloudy  adj 多云的,阴天的
64 wet  adj 湿的
65 rainy  adj 多雨的,下雨的
66 wind  n 风
67 windy  adj 有风的,风大的
68 snowy  adj 多雪的,降雪的
69 later  adv 以后,后来
70 later on  phr. 后来,稍后
71 ring  v (钟,铃等)响,摇铃
72 ring up  phr. 打电话
73 west  n & adj 西方、西部(的)
74 strange  adj 奇怪的,陌生的
75 sunshine  n 日光,阳光
76 melon  n 瓜
77 radio  n 收音机
78 report  n & v 报导,报告
79 north  n & v 北方(的),北部(的)
80 south  n & v 南方(的),南部(的)
81 at times  phr. 有时,偶尔
82 northeast  n 东北,东北部
83 temperature  n 温度
84 above  prep 在...上面
85 daytime  n 白天
86 below  prep 在...下,低于
87 northwest  n 西北,西北部
88 lift  v (云,雾等)消散,(雨)停止
89 worse   adj & adv ( bad,ill的比较级)更坏,更差
90 foggy  adj 有雾,多雾的
91 low  adj 低的,浅,矮的
92 birthday  n 生日
93 invite  v 邀请,招待
94 film  n 影片,电影
95 hold  v 拿,握
96 hold on  phr. (打电话时)等一等,不挂断
97 message  n 消息,信息
98 take/leave a message  phr. 捎/留口信
99 ready  adj 准备好的,乐意的
100 sandwich  n 三明治,夹心面包片

初中词组总结
1.be born 出生于
2.visit sb 拜访某人
3.tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某事
tell sb.to do sth.告诉某人做某事
4.tell sb not to do sth.告诉某人不要做某事
a)tell sb how to do sth 告诉某人怎样做某事
b)go to a place to do sth 去某个地方做某事
c)go to England to study English 去英国学习英语
5.study at a middle school 在中学学习
6. go boating 去划船 go fishing 去钓鱼
7.go swimming 去游泳 go shopping 去购物 go skating 去滑冰
8.at weekends 在周末
9.at the age of 在……年龄
10.come here at half past two every Saturday afternoon 每个星期六下午两点半来这儿
11.take pictures 照相
12.in one’s spare time 在业余时间
13.come here to do sth. 来这儿做某事
14.come in 进来
15.sit down 坐下 stand up 起立
16.ask sb. some questions 询问某人一些问题
17.on May 2,1984 在1984年5月2日
18.tell sb. the name of the street and the house number 告诉某人街道名字和房间号码
19.like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 like to do sth.喜欢做某事
20.become a teacher 成为一名教师 want to be a doctor 想成为一名教师
21.return to China=come back to China 返回中国
22.teach English at a famous medical college 在一所著名的医科大学教英语
23.tall and healthy 个高又健康
24.short and slim 个矮又苗条
25.be clever and quick in doing things 在做事上聪明伶俐
26.come here to learn singing 来这儿学唱歌
27.tell sb.a funny story 给某人讲述有趣的故事
28.on foot 步行
a)on one’s way to school 在上学的路上
b)on one’s way home 在回家的路上
c)on one’s way to the hospital 在去医院的路上
d)on one’s way to the cinema 在去电影院的路上
e)on one’s way to see a film 在去看电影的路上
29.see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某莫事 see sb.doing sth.看见某人正在做某事
a)hear sb. do sth 听到某人做某事 hear sb. doing sth.听到某人正在做某事
b)make sb.do sth 迫使某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事
c)1et sb.do sth.让某人做某事 had better do sth.最好做某事
30. fall to the ground 倒在地上
31.go over 走过去,复习功课
32. hurry to school 勿忙去上学
33.be late for the first class 第一节课迟到
34.say with a smile 微笑地说
35.be glad to do sth.高兴做某事
36.do a good thing (deed) 做一件好事
37.fall ill=be i11 生病,患病
38.take sb. to a hospital 把某人送到医院
39.rain heavily 下大雨
40.on the road 在公路上
41.not know what to do 不知道该做什么
42.just then 正在那时
43.come up 走进,上来
44.in front of 在……前面
45.thank sb. again and again 反复感谢某人
46.drive away (汽车)离开
run away 跑开
take away 拿走
47.right away 立刻
48.right now 此刻,刚才,现在
49.get home 到家 get there 到达哪儿 get here 到达这儿
50. yesterday morning 昨天晚上
51.leave the hospital 离开医院
52.no buses=not any buses 没有车
53.say to sb.对某人说 say to oneself 自言自语
54.fall off 跌落
55.need to get up early 需要早起床
56.hurt my arm 胳膊受伤
57.What's wrong with you?=What's the matter with you? 你怎么了?
58.do one's homework on the computer 在电脑上做作业
59.have four English lessons 上四节英语课
60.once a week 一周一次 twice a year 一年两次 three times a month 一个月三次
61.do more listening and speaking 做大量的听说练习
do some cleaning 扫除
do some washing 洗衣服
do some shopping 购物
62.make good progress in English 在英语方面取得很大进步
63.help a lot in our studies 在学习上给子很大帮助
64.teach sb. English 教某人英语
65.get to school 到达学校
66.give sb.lessons 给某人上课
67.ask sb.to do sth.要求某人做某事
ask sb.not to do sth.要求某人不要做某事
68.let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
1et sb. not do sth.让某人不要做某事
69.not……until 直到……才
70.make one's lessons interesting 使某人的课上的很有趣
71.tell sb. how to do sth.告诉某人怎样做某事
72.try to learn new things be oneself 设法靠自己学一些新的知识
73.want to be a history teacher 想成为一名历史老师
74.grow up 长大
75.in future 在将来
76.computer room (电脑)机房
77.language lab 语言室
78.finish middle school 中学毕业
79.want to become (be) a designer 想成为一名设计家
80.wish to be doctor 希望成为一名医生
81.an American boy 一个美国男孩儿
82.study in a high school 在高中学习
83.in Grade Eight 在八年级
84.finish primary school 小学毕业
85.start school at the age of seven
=begin to school when I was seven 七岁开始上学
86.move to Washington with his family 和他全家搬到华盛顿
87.be interested in 对……感兴趣
88.want to become a doctor of Chinese medicine 想成为一名中医
89.come here to learn Chinese 来这儿学习中文
90.a nice school 一所好的学校
91.instead of 代替
92.in many ways 在许多方面
93.be different from 与……不同
94.by the way 顺便说
95.come back home 回家
96.be sorry for 为…难过,遗憾
97.feel sorry for 为…难过,遗憾
98.burn away 燃烧没了
99.open the door 开门
100.take sb. in one's arms 拥抱某人
101.have some medicine 吃药
102.have a football match 进行一场足球比赛
103.have a meeting 开会
104.walk back 向后走
105.give sth. back to sb. 把某物还给某人
106. work through the night 通宵工作
107.get through the examinations=pass the exam 通过考试
108.happen to 发生
l09.knock at the door 敲门
110.want to do sth. 想做…
111.fall down 掉下来
112.begin to do sth. 开始做…
113.have some tea 喝茶
114.have sports 进行体育锻炼
115.have a bad coId 得了重感冒
116.have a good time 玩的很高兴
117.keep back 向后退
118.so…that 如此…以至于…


形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
情态动词:
是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
情态动词有四类:    
①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……    
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare   
③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to    
④情态动词表猜测
注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
常用的有:can  may  could  must   have  use  .

情态动词特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
He could be here soon.他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。

基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:
基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)

除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
Still,she needn't have run away.
5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
Must I read books every day、
No,you needn't


常见情态动词用法:
1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。
3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。
8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。


情态动词功能:
助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。
基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;
情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
1) 构成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3) 构成修辞倒装:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定动词词组:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.

情态动词表推测的用法小结   
(一)情态动词表推测的三种句式    
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。   
(1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?    
          他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。   
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.   
          屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。    
2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。   
(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了。   
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。   
3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。    
 (1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?    
 (2)Can he be at home now?  他现在能在家吗?   
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。   

(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态   
1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.  5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。    
(2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.   
           她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。   
2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
(1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。   
(2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。   
(3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?   
          布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?    
3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。   
(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.  地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。   
(2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。   
(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?    
注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。 
例如:   
(4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.   
     现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)   
(5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look  after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)   
她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。   
(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.   (虚拟)   
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
动词短语:
由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式:
1.动词+副词
①作及物动词,例: 
He brought up his children strictly.   
从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
②作不及物动词,例:    
Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2.动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

3.动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

4.动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

5.动词+名词+介词    
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语:

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒


初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽,走近     
come back回来   
come from来自,源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减  
cut up连根拔除,切碎

5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查                  
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出,熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展,相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回,收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)

10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找,向上看 
look through翻阅,浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱,报复 
pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

19. put
put up张贴,举起,   
put out伸出,扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱           
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面

21. run
run after追逐,追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉,迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起,引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
take down记录,取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
think out(自然)想出办法  
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝               
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食



一般过去时:
表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
基本结构:
主语+动词过去式+其他;
否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;
一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。
一般过去时句法结构:
肯定形式
主语+动词过去式+其他
例句:She often came to help us in those days.
否定形式
①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
例句:I didn't know you like coffee
一般疑问句
①Did+主语+do+其他? ②WasWere+主语+表语?
例句:Did I do that?
用表格整理如下:
肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式
Iworked Did I work? I did not work Did I not work?
He(She,It) worked Did he(she,it) work? He(she,it) did not work Did he(she,it) notwork?
We worked Did we work? We did not work Did we not work?
You worked Did you work? You did not work Did you not work?
They worked Did they work? They did not work Did they not work?
记忆口诀:
一般过去时并不难,过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单,didn't 站在动原前,其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记!

一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则:

构成

举例

一般情况

词尾+ed

动词原形

过去式和过去分词

look
talk

looked
talked

以不发音字母e结尾

词尾+d

like
arrive

liked
arrived

以“辅以字母+y”结尾

变y为i,再加ed

fly
study

flied
studied

以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母

双写词尾+ed

stop
plan

stopped
planned 


结构句型:

1.一般句子
I watched TV last night.
2.一般疑问句
Did you watch TV last night?
3.there be 句型
There was an apple on the table last night.
Was there an apple on the table last night
一般过去时注意事项:
1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
如果主句用了过去时,从句中一般也要用过去式,或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如:
He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

2.在口语中, 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去,而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如:
I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗?

3.used to
used to 是一个词组,表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如:
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)
一般过去式用法:
(1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。
句式:主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子,抽烟抽得可凶了。

(2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:
yesterday,last week ,in  the  past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
(句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响)。
Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗?(你现在不饿吗?)
Yes,I have. 是的,我已经吃过了。(已经吃饱了,不想再吃了。)
When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的?(关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。)
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。)
Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
I ate it at 6:45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

(3)带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:
yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、last year…(去年…)、the other day(前几天)、
once upon a time(很久以前)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、
When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…)、at+一个时间点
Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
注:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。

(4)表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。

(5)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
比较:
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
(说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
(表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
(不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)

(6)如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做,而现在不那样做了)
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
(意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
比较:
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
(只是说明过去这一动作)

(7)有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时。
I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
(因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
(这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)
一般过去时三变技巧:
一变:肯定句变为否定句
技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could,would,should等时,可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如:
I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
技巧2.当句中含有系动词was,were 时,可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如:
I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在该动词之前加did not / didn't,动词还原,构成否定句。例如:
The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

二变:陈述句变为一般疑问句
技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was,were, could,would,should等移到句首。例如:
He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在主语之前加did,动词还原。例如:
Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

三变:陈述句变为特殊疑问句
技巧1.确定疑问词:人who / whom,物what,地点where,时间when / what time,原因why,频率how often,长度how long,距离how far等等。例如:
They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
技巧2.辨认结构形式:疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如:
The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?
状语从句:
指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。
从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
状语从句分类:
1、时间状语从句
常用引导词:
when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词:
the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2、地点状语从句
常用引导词:
where
特殊引导词:
wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3、原因状语从句
常用引导词:
because, since, as, for
特殊引导词:
seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

4、目的状语从句
常用引导词:
so that, in order that
特殊引导词:
lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5、结果状语从句
常用引导词:
so that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词:
such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6、条件状语从句
常用引导词:
if, unless,
特殊引导词:
as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7、让步状语从句
常用引导词:
though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词:
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won't listen whatever you may say.

8、比较状语从句
常用引导词:
as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词:
the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。

9、方式状语从句
常用引导词:
as, as if, how
特殊引导词:
the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

状语从句用法:
时间状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
①.when引导的时间状语从句,其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作的动词,而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如:
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)
when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking.
当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前)
② when还可表示just then(正在那时,突然)的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如:
we were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.
比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
(2) as引导的时间状语从句
as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的,而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生:
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.
她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes.
寒流一过,星期日就会有点暖意了。
(3) while引导的时间状语从句
while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”,其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的,并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如:
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.
当老师用英语解释课文时,学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work.
我可以边工作边学习。
(4) before引导的时间状语从句
① before“在……之前”
I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在我的导师出国之前,我已完成了我的学位论文。
I’ll be back before you have left.
你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“……之后才”
It may be many years before we meet again.
可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back.
他三天后才回来。
(5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词,其他连词还有once,directly,immediately,instantly,the instant (that),the minute(that) ,the moment(that)等,它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如:
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们一到家,电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
老师一进来,大家就静了下来。
(6) hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句
关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”,它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如:
He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
(7) since引导的时间状语从句
在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时:
We’ve never met since we graduated from the college.
大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走了以后,这里发生了巨大变化。
(8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义,作“直到……时(为止)”解,till多用于非正式文体,until多用于句首。如:
Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework.
等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
(9) whenever/each time/every time引导的时间状语从句
whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当;每次”解,each time和every time与whenever同义,通常可以与它换用。如:
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。
Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together,heat is produced.
某些化学物质被混到一起时,就会产生热。
Whenever/ Every time/ Each time I met her, she was studying.
我每次看见她时,她总是在学习。

状语从句 - 地点状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
从属连词where“在(或到)……的地方”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.
把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。如:
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如:
Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。
Avoid structure of this kind where possible.
只要可能,就要避免这种结构。
(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句
从属连词wherever“在(或到)……的各个地方”:
You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.
专家每到一处, 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。

状语从句 - 原因状语从句
 (1) because引导的原因状语从句
because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由,着重点在从句,其所引导的从句,为全句句意的中心所在。
通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,除特别强调外,该从句一般位于主句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it.
我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
(2) as引导的原因状语从句
as引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和since换用。如:
As I didn’t know the way,I asked a policeman.
我不认识路,因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。
(3) since引导的原因状语从句
since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和as换用。如:
Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.
既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ,I’ll ask someone else.
你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。
(4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句
now(that)“因为;既然”,通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去,用来表示一种新的情况,再加以推论。如:
Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格,就可以独自开车了。
I do remember,now (that) you mention it.
你这一提,我倒的确想起来了。
(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句
Seeing (that)“鉴于;由于”,通常用于非正式文体。如:
Seeing (that) the weather is bad,we’ll stay at home.
天气不好,我们还是呆在家里吧。
Seeing that he’ s ill,he’s unlikely to come.
(6) in that引导的原因状语从句
in that“因为;基于……的理由”,可以和because换用,多用于正式文体,它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如:
Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
广告不同于其他交际形式,因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.
我的处境有点难堪,因为他要十号才来。

状语从句 - 目的状语从句
 (1) in order that引导的目的状语从句
in order that“为了;以便”。多用于正式文体,通常可以与so that换用。如:
You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
专家讲得很慢,以便人人听得懂。
(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句
so that“为了;以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用,它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后,在非正式文体中,常省略that。如:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.
她要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
(3) in case/for fear (that)/lest等引导的目的状语从句
in case,for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的,意思是“以免”,“以防”。
in case多用于英国英语,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式,也可以是虚拟语气形式;
for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may,might,should等情态动词;
lest用于正式文体,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如:
Take your umbrella with you,lest it should rain.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.
他带了一把伞,以防下雨。
状语从句 - 结果状语从句
(1) so that引导的结果状语从句
① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后,中间可以有逗号。如:
Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
突然下起了大雨,几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.
琳达到达后给我打了电话,因而我知道她平安无事。
②“so that”既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。
究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目的状语从句,除了根据句意来判断外,还可根据结构形式来加以判断。
若从句前有逗号,一般为结果状语从句,如果从句中有情态动词,通常则为目的状语从句。如:
They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train.
他们早早就出发了,所以没误火车。(结果状语从句)
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.
他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句)
(2) so...that引导的结果状语从句
so...that“如此……以致”,that在非正式文体中可以省略,so后面接形容词或副词。如:
She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.
现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(3) such...that引导的结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容是:such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。
其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数,也可以是不可数名词。
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如:
The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快,不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed.
(=The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)
教授讲了个很有趣的故事,(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
(4) such that引导的结果状语从句
such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体,主句为“主—系—表”句型。如:
The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows.
爆炸的力量很大,所有的窗户都被炸掉了。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他气得不能克制自己的感情。

状语从句 - 条件状语从句 
(1) if引导的条件状语从句
if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如:
If he said that,he can’t be telling the truth.
如果他说了那样的话,他不可能是说实话。
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句
unless引导的是否定条件状语从句,在意义上相当于if...not,而且语气较强,一般不用于虚拟语气。如:
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
你会迟到的,如果不赶快的话。
(3) if only引导的条件状语从句
if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要;如果”。如:
I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.
只要你把车保养好,我就让你用。
(4) as/so long as引导的条件状语从句
as/so long as意为“只要;如果”。如:
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
只要不下雨我们就能玩。
(5) provided (that)/providing (that)引导的条件状语从句
provided (that)/providing (that)意为“如果;只要”。如:
I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.)
假如为我负担费用,我就同意去。
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret.
状语从句 - 让步状语从句
(1) although/though引导的让步状语从句
although和though,都作“虽然;尽管”解,通常可以换用,although的语气较重。
如果要强调“但是”语气,可使用yet,still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。
Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him.
虽然和她谈了半天,他还是不能让她信任自己。
(2) even if引导的让步状语从句
even if “即使,纵然”,从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如:
Even if it rains tomorrow,we won’t change our plan.
即使明天下雨,我们也决不改变计划。
Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment.
即使我再次失败,我也决不会放弃实验。
(3) even though引导的让步状语从句
even though“虽然,尽管”,从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况,通常可以和although/though换用。如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word,I kept smiling.
即使我一个字也不懂,我还是保持微笑。
Even though you say so,I do not believe it.
即使你这样说,我也不信。
(4) much as引导的让步状语从句
much as“虽然,尽管”,通常可以和although/though换用:
Much as I’d like to,I can’t come.
我虽然很想来,但是来不了。
Much as I admire his courage,I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
(5) while引导的让步状语从句
while“虽然,尽管”,多用于正式文体,通常可换作although/though。如:
While I understand your point of view,I do not share it.
我虽了解你的观点,但不敢苟同。
While I sympathize,I really can’t do very much to help.
虽然我很同情,但我确实帮不了什么忙。
(6) whatever/No matter what引导的让步状语从句
whatever和no matter what用法相同,都作“无论什么”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whatever/No matter what he says,don’t go.
不管他说什么,你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task,whatever/no matter what happens.
不管发生什么了,我们决心完成任务。
(7) whichever/no matter which引导的让步状语从句
whichever和no matter which用法相同,都作“无论哪个”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whichever/No matter which you buy, there is a six-month guarantee.
不论你买哪个,都有六个月的保修期。
Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was determined to find them.
不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包,芭芭拉决心找到他们。
(8) whoever/no matter who引导的让步状语从句
whoever和no matter who用法相同,都作“无论谁”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
You can’t come in, whoever you are.
不管你是谁,都不能进来。
Whoever/No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy.
不管谁要我接电话, 就说我现在正忙着呢。
(9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句
wherever和no matter where用法相同,都作“无论在(或到)哪里”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Wherever/No matter where you go, I’m Right Here Waiting fo ryou.
无论你到哪里,我都依然在这里等着你。
(10) however/no matter how引导的让步状语从句
however和no matter how用法相同,都作“无论如何……”解,后者多用于非正式文体。
However much you regret doing that, there is nothing you can do about it now.
无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事,现在也无济于事了。
However high it may be,it can’t reach the sky.
它不论有多高,也高不到天上去。
(11) whenever/no matter when引导的让步状语从句
whenever和no matter when用法相同,都作“无论何时”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whenever I’m unhappy,he cheers me up.
每当我不高兴时,他就给我鼓劲儿。
(12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句
whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同,都作“不论……还是”解,后者的语气强一些。如:
When It Rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.
无论下不下雨,我们星期天一定踢足球。
(13) as引导的让步状语从句
as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然;尽管”和“即使”解,但是它不位于句首,在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如:
Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it.
虽然你可能很有力气,你却无法把它提起来。
Late as it was, they continued to study.
时间尽管不早了,他们仍继续学习。

状语从句 - 方式状语从句
(1) as引导的方式状语从句
as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式;如同……那样”,从句有时是省略句。如:
Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
(2) as if/as though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though的用法相同,都作“好像,仿佛”解。如:
二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。
但也可用陈述语气,表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如:
They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad.
他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。
They look as if/as though they know each other.
他们看来好像互相认识。

状语从句 - 比较状语从句
(1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句
as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
We were as fortunate as them (they were)
我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
(2) not so/as...as 引导的比较状语从句
not so/as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
That’s not so/as simple as it sounds.
那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
(3) than引导的比较状语从句
than引导的比较状语从句表示同等比较,主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
He has lived here longer than I(has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
They love the girl than(they love) him.
他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。
(4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。


固定搭配:
英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法,如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。
例如:
take part in (参加) 
by accident (偶然地) 
lucky dog (幸运儿)
be interested in (对…感兴趣)

初中英语常见固定搭配:
(一)加-ing
enjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----    
spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---  
try doing 试着做------                
be busy doing sth 忙于做------
finish doing sth 完成做----           
look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)
be doing 正在做---     
Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你

(二)加-to
decide to do sth 决定去做-----             
ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----      
It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)        
would like / want to do 想要做-----    
It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----

(三)加原形
let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事   
be going to / will do sth (一般将来时态)

(四)加-to 或-ing意思不同
forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)    
forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)   
remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)
remember to do记得去做------(还没做)

(五)加-to 或-ing意思相同
begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------

(六)
A)动词+ 介词
agree with同意....的意见(想法);符合    
help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)  listen to听...              
..get to到达....       
fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据     
knock at /on敲(门、窗)        
laugh at嘲笑
learn.. from 向...学习     
live on继续存在;靠...生活 
look after照顾,照看look at看;观看           
look for寻找             
look like看起来像
pay for (sth.)付钱;支付 
point at指示;指向          
point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢           
quarrel with (和某人)吵架
regard...as ...把....当作....;当作                 
stop...from阻止.....做.....
talk about说话;谈话;谈论                        
talk with与......交谈think about考虑                                  
think of认为;想起
B)动词+ 副词                                                     
ask for请求;询问       
carry on坚持下去;继续下去     
cut down砍倒 
clean up清除;收拾干净  
come down下来;落    
come along来;随同
come in进来            
come on来吧;跟着来;赶快 
come over过来;顺便来访           
come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽)      
drop off放下(某物);下车                              
eat up吃光;吃完
fall behind落在......后面;输给别人            
fall down跌倒;从......落下
find out查出(真相)                                
get back回来;取回
get down下来;落下;把......取下来             
get off下来;从......下来get on上(车)               
get up起床                
give up放弃go on继续               
go out出去     
go over过一遍;仔细检查
grow up长大;成长      
hand in交上来                
hurry up赶快
hold on (口语)等一等;(打电话时)不挂断             
look out留神;注意
look over (仔细)检查                            
look up向上看;抬头看  
pass on传递;转移到....                          
pick up拾起;捡起
put away放好;把....收起来  
put on穿上;戴上;(戏剧等)上演;放(唱片等
put down把(某物)放下来                             
put up挂起;举起
run away流失;逃跑;逃走 
rush out冲出去 
set off出发;动身;
启程send up发射;把......往上送  
shut down把......关上      
sit down坐下
slow down减缓;减速      
take off脱掉(衣服)          
take out取出
throw about乱丢;抛撒                          
trip over (被......)绊倒
try on试穿(衣服、鞋等);试戴(帽子等)                
try out试验;尝试
turn down关小;调低        
turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等
turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)           
turn over (使)翻过来
wake up醒来                               
wear out把......穿旧;磨坏
work out算出;制订出                               
write down写下....
C) be + 形容词+ 介词                                              
be angry with对(某人)发脾气              
 be interested in对......感兴趣 
be able to能;会                                   
 be afraid of害怕
be amazed at对......感到惊讶            
be excited about对......感到兴奋
be filled with用......充满                            
be full of充满......的
be good at =do well in在....方面做得好;善于             
be late for迟到
be made in在......生产或制造            
be made of由....组成;由....
be pleased with对......感到满意              
be proud of以......自豪/高兴
be used for用于
D)动词+ 名词/ 代词                                               
beg one′s pardon请原谅;对不起         
do morning exercises做早操
do one′s homework做作业                                           
enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐;玩得愉快                   
give a concert开音乐会     
go boating去划船      
go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行     
go skating去滑冰     
go shopping (去)买东西
have a cold (患)感冒    
have a cough (患)咳嗽  
have a headache (患)头痛  
have a try尝试;努力    
have a look看一看         
have a rest休息 
have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐;坐下        
have sports进行体育活动  
have supper吃晚餐   
hear of听说   
hold a sports meeting举行运动会
make a decision作出决定  
make a mistake犯错误  
make a noise吵闹
make faces做鬼脸      
make friends交朋友       
make money赚钱
take one′s place坐某人的座位;代替某人的职务                       
teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学                  
watch TV看电视 
take photos照相       
take time花费(时间)         
take turns轮流
E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词                                  
catch up with赶上           
come up with找到;提出(答案、解决办法等)
get on well with与......相处融洽                   
give birth to生(孩子) 
help yourself / yourselves to自取;随便吃   
make room for给.....腾出地方
play a joke on戏弄人;对人恶作剧              
speak highly of称赞   
say good bye to告别;告辞               
take an active part in积极参加
take care of照顾;照料;注意
F)其他类型                                                        
be awake醒着的          
be born出生         
be busy doing忙着做
come true实现     
do one′s best尽最大努力     
fall asleep睡觉;入睡  
go home回家    
go on doing (sth.)继续做某事;尽力   
get married结婚
get together相聚                  
go straight along  沿着...一直往前走
had better (do)最好(做...)                    
keep doing sth.一直做某事        
make sure确保;确认;查明               
make up one′s mind下决心