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初中二年级英语

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  • 句型转换
    同义句转换。
    1. What else do you want?
    What ___________ things ___________ you ___________?
    2. The young man is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.
    The young man is strong___________ ___________ carry the heavy box.
    3. I really don't know what I should write to him.
    I really don't know ___________ ___________ ___________ to him.
    4. What's wrong with it?
    ___________ ___________ ___________ with it?
    5. The picture cost me ten dollars.
    I ___________ ten dollars ___________ the picture.
    6. Joe gave me a call just now.
    Joe ___________ ___________ ___________ just now.
    7. Emma wears a red jacket. Her sister also wears a red jacket.
    Emma wears ___________ ___________ color jacket ___________ her sister.
    本题信息:2012年同步题英语句型转换难度一般 来源:孔建伟
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “同义句转换。1. What else do you want?What ___________ things ___________ you ___________?2. The young man is so strong that he can carry the heavy ...” 主要考查您对

日常用语、谚语

不定代词

疑问代词

形容词

助动词

不定式

动词短语

介词

固定搭配

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 日常用语、谚语
  • 不定代词
  • 疑问代词
  • 形容词
  • 助动词
  • 不定式
  • 动词短语
  • 介词
  • 固定搭配
日常用语:
就是日常生活中的交际用语,如Thank you. Sorry.等
谚语:
即是人们生活中常用的现成的话。
谚语类似成语,但口语性强,通俗易懂,而且一般都表达一个完整的意思,形式上差不多都是一两个短句。
例如:Helaughsbestwholaughslast.谁笑到最后,谁就笑得最好。
            Nopains,nogains.没有付出,就没有收获。

英语日常交际用语分类:
打招呼与告别用语(Greeting and Saying Good-bye)
1.-How are you ?       
-I’m fine, thanks.
2. -Nice to meet you.    
-Nice to meet you, too.

谈论颜色(Talking about colour)
1. -What colour is  it?    
-It’s red.
2. -What’s you favourite colour, Jenny?      
-My favourite colour is blue.
3. -How many colours do you like?         
-Three.

谈论高度(Talking about height)
1. -Are you short or tall?               
-I’m short/tall.
2. -How tall am I, Mr Wood?            
-You’re 1.6 metres tall.

看病用语(Seeing a doctor)
1. -What’s the matter?                  
-I cut my knee. It hurts.

就餐用语(Having meals)
1. -Would you like some dumpling?            
-No, thanks./ Yes please.
2. I’d like porridge for breakfast.        
3. It’s /Thery’re delicious.
4. What would you like for supper?
5. -Are you ready to order?                    
-Yes, please. I’d like…….

谈论天气(Talking about weather)
1 -How is the weather today?/ What’s the weather like today?
-It’ sunny rainy snowy windy.
2. -Is it snowy?                      
- No , it’s hot today.
3. -what’s the temperature?             
- It’s 0 degrees.
4. -Is it rainy?                         
-Yes, it’s rainy.
5 It’s warm and windy in spring.
6. -How’s the weather today, Steven?        
-It’s cold and snowy.
7.-What’s the temperature outside, Kim?      
-It’s minus fifteen degress.
8.What’s the temperature today? Is it warm or hot?
9.It’s very cold hot today, isn’t it?
10. It ‘s a cold day!
11. what a cold day!               
12. It’s getting warmer.

谈论时间和日期(Talking about time and date)
1. -What time is it?/What’s the time?      
-It’s 7:00 a quarter to seven ten past seven.
2. -What day is it?                          
-It’s Tuesday.
3. -What’s the date?                         
-It’s October 30.

谈论年龄(Talking about age)
1. -How old are you? What’s your age?         
- I’m fourteen years old.
2. She is very young.

谈论购物(Talking about shopping )
1.-May I help you ?/What can I do for you?   
-I would like/want to buy a pencil, please.
2. -How much is this are they?               
-Three yuan.
3. I’ll take it.                  
4. Here’s your change.
5. What colour kind would you like?    
6. What about this one?
7.I’m looking for a birthday present for my friend.
8.Do you have any other sizes/ kinds?

谈论距离(Talking about distance)
1. How far is it from China to Canada?           
It’s about 8,500 kilometres.
2. Beijing is far from our city.
3. -How far is Beijing from here?      
-It’s about 7,000 kilometres miles away.

请求允许(Asking for permission)
1. May I have some donuts, please?
2. -May I have some grapes?    
-Sorry. We don’t have any grapes. But we have some pears.
3. -what would you like, Mom?     
-I would like a bowl of noodles.

指路(Showing the way)
-Excuse me. Does the hotel have a computer?
-Yes! I can show you. Go straight down this hall. Here it is!

道别用语(Saying good-bye)
-Okay. See you later!                
-See you later!

表扬与鼓励(Praise and encouragement)
1.The gift is wonderful!           
2. You can do it.
3.These chopsticks are beautiful!    
4.Beijing is great!
5.Very good!                    
6. Good work!
7.Well done! / Wonderful! /Excellent!   
8.You speak English very well!
9.Keep trying!               
10.You dress is beautiful!
11.Come on!

谈论节日和季节(Talking about festivals and seasons)
1. -What’s your favourtite festival /season?            
- My favourite festival is Children’s Day.
_My favourite seasons is fall are spring and winter.
2. I like Teachers’ Day.
3.I like winter because I like to ski and skate.    
4.Spring in China is usually warm.
5. There’re four seasons in a year.


初中常用谚语:
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.正人先正己。

He knows most who speaks least.大智若愚。

He who does not advance loses ground.逆水行舟,不进则退。

If you make yourself an ass, don't complain if people ride you.人善被人欺,马善被人骑。

If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.要想求知,就得吃苦。

Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母。

It is better to die when life is a disgrace.宁为玉碎,不为瓦全。

It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open.创业容易守业难。

It is hard to please all.众口难调。

It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。

It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。

It is the first step that costs troublesome.万事开头难。

It is the unforeseen that always happens.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。

It is too late to grieve when the chance is past.坐失良机,后悔已迟。

It never rains but it pours.不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。
It takes three generations to make a gentleman.十年树木,百年树人。

Jack of all trades and master of none.门门精通,样样稀松。

Judge not from appearances.人不可貌相,海不可斗量。

Justice has long arms.天网恢恢,疏而不漏。

Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.近朱者赤,近墨者黑。

Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕。

Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it.君王发狂,百姓遭殃。

Kings have long arms.普天之下,莫非王土。

Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。

Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.博学使人谦逊,无知使人骄傲。


初中英语作文常用的谚语:
1.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
2.God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。
3.Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。
4.Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
5.One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘,谬之千里。
6.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。
7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit. 吃一堑,长一智。
8.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。
9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰,徒有其表。
11.More hasty,less speed. 欲速则不达。
12.Its never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
13.All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。
14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。
15.Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
16.Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。
17.Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
18.well begun,half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。
19.It is hard to please all. 众口难调。
20.Out of sight,out of mind. 眼不见,心不念。
21.Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
22.Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。
23.First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。
24.Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。
25.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
26.live not to eat,but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭,吃饭为了活着。
27.Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。
28.East or west,home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。
29.Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。
30.Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。
31.Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。
32.The older, the wiser. 姜是老的辣。
33.Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。
34.An idle youth,a needy age. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
35.As the tree,so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
36.To live is to learn,to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习,学习为了更好的活着。
37. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
38. Nothing is too difficult in the world if you set your mind into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。
39. Every coin has two sides. 每枚硬币都有两面;凡事皆有好坏。
40. Don‘t troubles trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。
41. No pains,no gains. 不劳无获


不定代词
即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
初中常用不定代词有:
some(something,somebody,someone),any(anything,anybody,anyone), no(nothing,nobody,no one),
every(everything,everybody,everyone,),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),
another,none,one,either, neither等。一般来讲,修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。

不定代词用法例举:
①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词:some, someone, somebody, something
例如:They can speak some Japanese.
②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词:any, anyone, anybody, anything
例如:Is there anyone at home?
③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词:no, no one, nobody, nothing
例如:I have no watch.
There is nothing wrong with the machine.
④不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,亦可指物,它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
名词,指代复数名词时可以用ones。
例如:I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
I like small cars better than large ones.
⑤none通常只用作名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。
none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
例如:None of them knows the answer to the question.
⑥both, all
both指两个人、物或群体;
all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
例如:My parents are both teachers.
           All of my friends are football fans.
⑦every, each
each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个别;
every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
例如:Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
            Every student went to the park.(学生至少三人)        
⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
other具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人,亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词,表示“其他的,别的”,不可单独使用。
例如:Do you have any other questions?
the other作形容词或代词,特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
例如:The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
 others相当于“other+名词”,泛指“别的人或物”,只有名词性用法。
例如:Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
the others相当于“the other+名词”,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
例如:There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
another作形容词或代词,泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
例如:This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
⑨either, neither
either指“两者中的任何一个”;neither指“两者中无一”,具有否定意义。
例如:You can take either half.
Neither of the books is good.
⑩many, much, most
many和much具有名词和形容词的性质,都表示“许多、大量”。
Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词,many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
例如:Many boys like playing soccer.
We have much homework to do every day.
Most students think so.
(11)few, a few, little, a little
a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词,a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”,具有否定意义。
例如:He has a few friends here.
Hurry up! There is little time left.


不定代词的用法:
不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
位置
不定代词+形容词
不定代词+to do
作主语
Both of them are teachers.他们两人都是教师。
作宾语
I know nothing about this person.我对这个人一无所知。
作表语
This book is too much for a child.这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。
作定语
There is a little water in the glass.玻璃杯里有一些水。
作状语
I can't find my book anywhere.我在任何地方都不能找到我的书。
修饰不定代词的词,一般情况下要后置。

疑问代词:
疑问代词在句中起名词的作用,用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有:   
what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever   
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有词性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。 
what, which, whose还可作限定词。
Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which


疑问代词说明:
一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

二、Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)

三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)

四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。


疑问代词用法:
1. 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which和what, 都是用来构成疑问句的:
Who is calling? 谁打电话来?
Whom do you want to speak to? 你想找谁接电话?
作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,在口语中用who作宾语时也不少:
Who did you mean? 你指的是谁?
Who are you talking about? 你们在讲谁?
直接跟在介词后时只能用whom:
With whom did you come? 你和谁一道来的?
(口语中说“Who did you come with?时更多一些。)

2. 其他三个疑问代词可用作:
1)主语:
What’s your address? 你的地址怎样写?
Whose is better? 谁的好一些?
Which of these is yours? 哪一本是你的?
2)宾语:
What do you mean? 你是什么意思?
Which do you like better? 哪一个你更喜欢一些?
Whose have you chosen? 你选了谁的?
3)表语:
What’s her name? 她叫什么名字?
Whose is it? 这是谁的?
4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词):
What time does the train leave? 这列火车什么时候离开?
Which room shall we stay in? 我们住哪间房?
Whose passport is this? 这是谁的护照?
形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
助动词:
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。
助动词是语法功能词,自身没有词义,不可单独使用,只能和别的动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或表示疑问或否定。
常用的助动词有:
be,do,does,did,have,has,shall,will,would等。

常见助动词用法:
have的用法:
have作助动词
形式:
主要变化形式:have,has,had
动名词/现在分词:having
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月末为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时(现在完成时),例:
I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成时态的被动语态,例:
English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。

do的用法:
形式
主要变化形式:do,did,done
动名词/现在分词:doing
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2)do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study.他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party please.请一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。我真想你了!
5)用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代替动词,例如:
Do you like Beijing? 你喜欢北京吗?
Yes,I do.是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?他知道如何开车,对吧?

may和can:
1) may用来表示许可
2)may用于所有人称的现在时及将来时句子中。
3)might用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定形式:may not/mayn't,might not/mightn't
疑问式:may I?might I?等
否定疑问式:may I not?/mayn't I?等
表示许可的may的其他形式可用allow,be allowed的相应形式代替。
4)may后面接不带to的不定式(即动词原形)。
5)can用来表示许可
6)can用于所有人称的现在时及将来时的句子中。
7)could用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定式:can not/can't,could not/could't
疑问式:can I?could I?等。
否定疑问式:can I not?/can't I?could I not?/couldn't I?等。
表示许可的can的其他形式可用于allow,be allowde的相应形式代替。
can与不带to的不定式连用。

shall和will的用法:
1)shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。
现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
2)shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿
shall I turn on the light?
要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)
shall he come to see you?
他要不要来看你
(比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)
3)shall 用在陈述句,与第二第三人称连用,变为情态动词,表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等。

should,would的用法:
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。)
2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come.他说他要来。
比较:
"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。


基本助动词只有三个:
be, do,have,他们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。
例如:
He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告
He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划
The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
动词短语:
由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式:
1.动词+副词
①作及物动词,例: 
He brought up his children strictly.   
从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
②作不及物动词,例:    
Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2.动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

3.动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

4.动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

5.动词+名词+介词    
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语:

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒


初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽,走近     
come back回来   
come from来自,源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减  
cut up连根拔除,切碎

5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查                  
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出,熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展,相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回,收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)

10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找,向上看 
look through翻阅,浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱,报复 
pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

19. put
put up张贴,举起,   
put out伸出,扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱           
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面

21. run
run after追逐,追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉,迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起,引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
take down记录,取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
think out(自然)想出办法  
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝               
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食



介词:
是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词的分类:
(1)表示时间,处所:从 自 自从 于 打 到 往 在 当 朝 向 顺着 沿着 随着
(2)表示方式:按 照 按照 依 依照 本着 经过 通过 根据 以 凭
(3)表示目的:为 为了 为着
(4)表示原因:因 由于 因为
(5)表示对象,范围:对 对于 把 向 跟 与 同 给 关于
(6)表示排除:除 除了 除去 除非
(7)表示被动:被 叫 让 给
(8)表示比较:比 和 同
上述介词中的“着,了,过”是语素,不是动态助词。

介词at, in, on的区别: 
1. 表示时间,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如:
I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。
He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。
(2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如:
We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。
He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。
(3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如:
He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。

2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如:
We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。
The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。
与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如:
at my sister’s 在我姐姐家  at the doctor’s 在医务室
(2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如:
What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么?
He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。
但有时两者可换用。如:
The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。
(3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如:
in Shanghai 在上海    at the station 在车站
但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如:
Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。
We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。
(4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如:
What’s on the table? 桌上有什么?
There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。
注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如:
He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。

3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关:
in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关:
in bed / on the bed 在床上
in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上

介词besides,but,except的用法区别:
 1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;
而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。

2. 关于 but 与 except:
(1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:
but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。
All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
(2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每个人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me, everyone is tired.

3. 关于 except 与 except for:
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。

4. 关于 except for 与 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:
I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。


介词的用法口诀:

早、午、晚要用inat黎明、午夜、点与分。

年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in

将来时态in。。。以后,小处at大处in

有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in

特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in

介词atto表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。

日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,

收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、着论。

着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。

特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。

年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前onin

步行、驴、马、玩笑oncabcarriage则用in

at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。

工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。

就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。

海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类knowtoman

thisthattomorrowyesterdaynextlastone

接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

overunder正上下,abovebelow则不然,

若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。‘

beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。

besidesexcept分内外,among之内along沿。

同类比较except,加for异类记心间。

原状becauseof,、owingtodueto表语形容词

under后接修、建中,offrom物、化分。

beforeafter表一点,agolater表一段。

before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

since以来during间,since时态多变换。

与之相比beside,除了lastbutone

复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。

快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。

butfor否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。

ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。

之后、关于、在。。。。。。方面,有关介词须记全。

into外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。


固定搭配:
英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法,如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。
例如:
take part in (参加) 
by accident (偶然地) 
lucky dog (幸运儿)
be interested in (对…感兴趣)

初中英语常见固定搭配:
(一)加-ing
enjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----    
spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---  
try doing 试着做------                
be busy doing sth 忙于做------
finish doing sth 完成做----           
look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)
be doing 正在做---     
Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你

(二)加-to
decide to do sth 决定去做-----             
ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----      
It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)        
would like / want to do 想要做-----    
It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----

(三)加原形
let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事   
be going to / will do sth (一般将来时态)

(四)加-to 或-ing意思不同
forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)    
forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)   
remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)
remember to do记得去做------(还没做)

(五)加-to 或-ing意思相同
begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------

(六)
A)动词+ 介词
agree with同意....的意见(想法);符合    
help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)  listen to听...              
..get to到达....       
fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据     
knock at /on敲(门、窗)        
laugh at嘲笑
learn.. from 向...学习     
live on继续存在;靠...生活 
look after照顾,照看look at看;观看           
look for寻找             
look like看起来像
pay for (sth.)付钱;支付 
point at指示;指向          
point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢           
quarrel with (和某人)吵架
regard...as ...把....当作....;当作                 
stop...from阻止.....做.....
talk about说话;谈话;谈论                        
talk with与......交谈think about考虑                                  
think of认为;想起
B)动词+ 副词                                                     
ask for请求;询问       
carry on坚持下去;继续下去     
cut down砍倒 
clean up清除;收拾干净  
come down下来;落    
come along来;随同
come in进来            
come on来吧;跟着来;赶快 
come over过来;顺便来访           
come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽)      
drop off放下(某物);下车                              
eat up吃光;吃完
fall behind落在......后面;输给别人            
fall down跌倒;从......落下
find out查出(真相)                                
get back回来;取回
get down下来;落下;把......取下来             
get off下来;从......下来get on上(车)               
get up起床                
give up放弃go on继续               
go out出去     
go over过一遍;仔细检查
grow up长大;成长      
hand in交上来                
hurry up赶快
hold on (口语)等一等;(打电话时)不挂断             
look out留神;注意
look over (仔细)检查                            
look up向上看;抬头看  
pass on传递;转移到....                          
pick up拾起;捡起
put away放好;把....收起来  
put on穿上;戴上;(戏剧等)上演;放(唱片等
put down把(某物)放下来                             
put up挂起;举起
run away流失;逃跑;逃走 
rush out冲出去 
set off出发;动身;
启程send up发射;把......往上送  
shut down把......关上      
sit down坐下
slow down减缓;减速      
take off脱掉(衣服)          
take out取出
throw about乱丢;抛撒                          
trip over (被......)绊倒
try on试穿(衣服、鞋等);试戴(帽子等)                
try out试验;尝试
turn down关小;调低        
turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等
turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)           
turn over (使)翻过来
wake up醒来                               
wear out把......穿旧;磨坏
work out算出;制订出                               
write down写下....
C) be + 形容词+ 介词                                              
be angry with对(某人)发脾气              
 be interested in对......感兴趣 
be able to能;会                                   
 be afraid of害怕
be amazed at对......感到惊讶            
be excited about对......感到兴奋
be filled with用......充满                            
be full of充满......的
be good at =do well in在....方面做得好;善于             
be late for迟到
be made in在......生产或制造            
be made of由....组成;由....
be pleased with对......感到满意              
be proud of以......自豪/高兴
be used for用于
D)动词+ 名词/ 代词                                               
beg one′s pardon请原谅;对不起         
do morning exercises做早操
do one′s homework做作业                                           
enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐;玩得愉快                   
give a concert开音乐会     
go boating去划船      
go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行     
go skating去滑冰     
go shopping (去)买东西
have a cold (患)感冒    
have a cough (患)咳嗽  
have a headache (患)头痛  
have a try尝试;努力    
have a look看一看         
have a rest休息 
have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐;坐下        
have sports进行体育活动  
have supper吃晚餐   
hear of听说   
hold a sports meeting举行运动会
make a decision作出决定  
make a mistake犯错误  
make a noise吵闹
make faces做鬼脸      
make friends交朋友       
make money赚钱
take one′s place坐某人的座位;代替某人的职务                       
teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学                  
watch TV看电视 
take photos照相       
take time花费(时间)         
take turns轮流
E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词                                  
catch up with赶上           
come up with找到;提出(答案、解决办法等)
get on well with与......相处融洽                   
give birth to生(孩子) 
help yourself / yourselves to自取;随便吃   
make room for给.....腾出地方
play a joke on戏弄人;对人恶作剧              
speak highly of称赞   
say good bye to告别;告辞               
take an active part in积极参加
take care of照顾;照料;注意
F)其他类型                                                        
be awake醒着的          
be born出生         
be busy doing忙着做
come true实现     
do one′s best尽最大努力     
fall asleep睡觉;入睡  
go home回家    
go on doing (sth.)继续做某事;尽力   
get married结婚
get together相聚                  
go straight along  沿着...一直往前走
had better (do)最好(做...)                    
keep doing sth.一直做某事        
make sure确保;确认;查明               
make up one′s mind下决心