在一般现在时的肯定句中,当主语为非第三人称单数时,谓语动词用原形;
当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。
实义动词的一般现在时的单数第三人称形式遵从“s,es, ies”六字母规则。如下表所示:
规则 |
动词原形 |
第三人称 单数形式 |
s |
一般在词尾加s(读音规则: 清清浊浊元浊, 在清辅音后读清辅音/s/, 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/) |
stop take clean play grow |
stops/s/ takes/s/ cleans/z/ plays/z/ grows/z/ |
es |
以,x,ch,sh,或o结尾的动词 加-es(读/iz/) |
pass fix wash watch do |
passes fixes washes watches does |
ies |
以辅音字母 加y结尾的动词,变y为ies(读/iz/) |
fly carry hurry |
flies carries hurries |
实意动词单数第三人称变化规律:注意:不规则变化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does
一般现在时,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式
主语是第三人称单数有以下几种情况:
(1) 不可数名词做主语:
Some water is in the glass
(2) 单个的可数名词做主语:
The girl is Chinese. My watch is on the dresser.
(3) He ,she , it 等代词单个做主语:
He is in the tree. She likes her family very much.
(4) 单个的人名,地名或称呼作主语:
Mary is a doctor. Uncle Li speaks a little English.
Changchun is a beautiful city.
(5) 指示代词this, that 等作主语:
This is a pear. That is an apple .
(6) Everyone, everything ,something, nobody, nothing.等不定代词作主语时
Is everyone here today? Everything is ok .
(7)单个数字作主语时:
”8” is a good number in China.
动词单数第三人称形式的一般现在时的句子的否定句、疑问句及特殊疑问句。
否定句:
在主语的后面实义动词前加doesn’t(注意实义动词应恢复原形。)
主语(单三)+doesn’ + 动词原形+其他
Jim likes football变否定: Jim doesn’t like football
He has lunch at school. 变否定:He doesn’t have lunch at school.
一般疑问句及答语,在句子前面加助动词does. 实义动词恢复原形
Does +主语(单三)+ 动词原形+其他
Does your father work ? Yes, he does. /No, he doesn’t
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
特殊疑问词+ does +主语(单三)+ 动词原形+其他
Where does a bird live ?
How does she go to school?
情态动词:
是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
情态动词有四类: ①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare
③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to
④情态动词表猜测
注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
常用的有:can may could must have use .
情态动词特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
He could be here soon.他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:
基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)
除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
Still,she needn't have run away.
5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
Must I read books every day、
No,you needn't
常见情态动词用法:
1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。
3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。
8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。
情态动词功能:
助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。
基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;
情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
1) 构成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3) 构成修辞倒装:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定动词词组:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
情态动词表推测的用法小结 (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。
(1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?
他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。
(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。
(1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?
(2)Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态
1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。
(2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。
(1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
(2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
(3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?
布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
(2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?
注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
例如:
(4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)
(5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)
她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。
(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. (虚拟)
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
语态:
是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:被动语态的基本结构:
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
如:Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如:The road is being repaired.
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如:The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如:The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如: He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时 will +be + 过去分词
如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词
如:The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。
不用于被动语态的情形: ①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。
例如:A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。
例如:My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如:We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义:①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
例如:The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
例如:Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
例如:The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如:This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式
例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 :
时态 |
被动语态 |
一般现在时 |
am/is/are+过去分词 |
一般过去时 |
was/were+过去分词 |
现在进行时 |
am/is/are being+过去分词 |
过去进行时 |
was/were being+过去分词 |
一般将来时 |
will be+过去分词 |
过去将来时 |
would be+过去分词 |
现在完成时 |
have/has been+过去分词 |
过去完成时 |
had been+过去分词 |
情态动词 |
情态动词be+过去分词 |
情态动词的被动语态:一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。
二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
(一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
(二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
(三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
(四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。
三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
—Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
—Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
—Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)
并列连词:
主要是用来表示并列关系、选择关系、因果推理关系等。也可用来连接平行的词,词组或分句。
并列连词表示关系及代表实例:
1.表示并列关系
表示并列关系的连词主要含有“和”、“补充”、“增加”等意思。用来表达并列关系的连词有如下几个:
and 和 both...and...二者都
either...or...或者...或者...
neither...nor...既不...也不...
as well as 也、连同
not only...but (also)... 不但...而且...
e.g.
I used to live in Paris and London.
我过去住在伦敦和巴黎。
Both Jane and Jim are interested in pop music.
詹妮和吉姆对流行音乐都很感兴趣。
She is not only kind but also honest.
她不但和蔼而且诚实。
Bob as well as his parents is going on holiday this summer.
鲍勃和他的父母今年夏天要去度假。
2.表示转折关系
常用来表示转折关系的并列连词有如下几个:
but 但是
yet 然而
still 仍然
while 然而
while 然而、偏偏
e.g.
The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.
北京的冬天很冷,然而昆明的冬天却很温暖。
I explained twice, still he counldn't understand.
我解释了两遍,然而他却还不懂。
3.表示选择关系
表示选择关系的并列连词:
or 或者
or else 否则
otherwise 否则
neither...nor... 既不...也不...
either...or... 或者...或者...
e.g.
Would you like leave or would you like to stay?
你是想走还是想留?
You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.
你可以星期六来也可以星期天来。
Neither you nor I nor anyone else believes such things.
不管你我或者其他任何人都不会相信这件事。
4.表示因果推理关系
表示因果关系的并列连词主要有so,for,then,therefore 等。
e.g.
The air here is polluted, so the crops are dying.
这里的空气受到了污染,所以庄稼快死了。
The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
树叶在落下,因为秋天已经到来了。
并列连词注意事项:并列连词for引导的分句只能放在句尾,前面用逗号隔开,表示补充说明的微弱理由,只是为前面的内容提供判断的理由,有时译为并列的某种形式。
这与because不同,because引导的是一种明确的因果关系,解释原因,常可回答why的提问。
几个特殊并列连词用法:
一、表示并列关系的and,or,well,as,not only...but also... 等连词也有比较活跃的用法。
and 作为并列连词有多重含义,除了可以表示并列关系外,还可以表示顺承、目的、条件、反复等关系。
e.g:He went to market and bought some vegetables.(表示顺承,动作的先后发生)
他到市场买了一些蔬菜。
Come and help me out.(表示目的)
过来帮我一下。
Be careful and you'll make fewer mistakes.(表示条件)
如果仔细,你所犯的错就少。
二、or 与 either...or...
or表示为“否则”的话,前句一般是祈使句,后句用一般将来时。
在表示选择关系时or 与 either...or... 用法相同,但 either...or...更具强调性。
在多个对象进行选择时,可以用A or B or C... , either A or B or C... , neither A or B or C... 。
e.g:Either Jim or Jake or Jeff knows about this.
三、as well as 与not only... but also...
名词+as well as+名词作主语时,强调前面的名词,谓语动词要根据前面的名词而定。
not only...but also...连接名词作主语时,其强调在后者,谓语动词要根据后面的名词而定。
e.g:China as well as many other countries loves peace.
中国与世界上的其他许多国家一样热爱和平。
Not only Bill but also his parents want to go traveling by bike.
不仅比尔而且他的父母都想骑自行车去旅游。
注:当or,neither...nor...,either...or 等连接主语时,谓语动词由or或nor后面的部分而定。
并列连词表示关系:
种类 |
用法 |
举例 |
并列连词 |
表示转折关系 |
but, yet等 |
表示因果关系 |
For, so等 |
表示并列关系 |
And, or, either…or, neither…nor, not only.. but also, as well as等 |
反义疑问句:表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。
反意疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。
2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。
例如:This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
速记:
前肯后否,前否后肯,前be后be,前无be后加助,时态一致。
反意疑问句的回答:
前肯后否,前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。如:
(1)They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作,不是吗?
Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他们工作不努力
(2)They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的, 他们工作不努力
否定反义疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式,反义疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可:
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的,不是吗?”“是,是新的。”
"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去,不是吗?”“不,他不想去。”
此时,"Yes"即是,对前面"It's new."的肯定。
回答反义疑问句的原则
回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,
如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。
但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
“It is a beautiful flower,isn't it?” “It isn't a beautiful flower,is it?”
上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes,it is."否定为“No,it isn't."
由上述例子可知,反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联,只需注意事实,肯定即用yes,否定用no,无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。
口诀:
反意疑问并不难,陈述疑问句中含。
前后肯否恰相反,否定词缀不能算。
主谓时态要一致,特殊情况记心田。
实际情况来回答,再把yes和no拣。
综上所述,反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。
对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。
要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。
例:
—He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,不是吗?
—Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
—His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
—Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。
快速记忆表:陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I/主语 aren't I / are I
no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词 肯定含义
含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,视为肯定含义 否定含义
ought to(肯定的) shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to+v. didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句 be +主语
指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this 主语用it
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do/don't +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will/won't you?
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式.
反意疑问句19条:
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth?如:
1)What a fine day it is today!
What a fine day it is today,isn“t it?
2)How fast he runs!
How fast he runs,doesn”t he?
3)What a long time we have been waiting!
What a long time we have been waiting ,haven“t we?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
有些动词如:cost hurt hit put 等,它们的过去时与原型相同,在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.
英语18种特殊的反意疑问句: 1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句,用will you 多表
示“请求”,用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如:
Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板,好吗?
Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况:
1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如:
Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧,好吗?
还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。
2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如:
Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试,行吗?
2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时,其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如:
What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊,是吧?
3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to,且这些词被用作实义动词时,其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如:
He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助,是吗?
4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时,反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如:
I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作,是吗?
5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时,反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如:
Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了,是吧?
6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如:
Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了,是吗?
No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事,对吗?
7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时,其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如:
This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机,是吗?
These are grapes,aren't they? 这些是葡萄,是吗?
8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时,反意疑问句的主语可以用one,也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如:
One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人,是吧?
9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时:few, little, seldom,hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等,其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如:
He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗?
10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的,其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如:
It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平,是吧?
11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,其反意疑问句用肯定结构,也可以用否定结构。例如:
You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到,是吗?
12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时,反意疑问句的主语应该用it。 例如:
What you need is more important, isn't it?你需要的东西更重要,是吧?
13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时,其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致,注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如:
I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来,对吗?
14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思,并在句中做谓语时,其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如:
They had a meeting just now,didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会,是吗?
15. 陈述部分有have to 时,其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如:
You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜,对吧?
16. 陈述部分是there be句型时,其反意疑问句中要用there。例如:
There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗?
17. 陈述部分有had better时,反意疑问句中要用hadn't。 例如:
We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学,好吗?
18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定;要;必须”讲,反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't;
而当must作推测意义“一定 是;必定”讲时,反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如:
He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理,是吧?
Tom must be at home,isn't he? 汤姆一定在家,是吧?
直接引语和间接引语:引用别人的话有两种方式,一种是讲述别人的原话,并把它放在引号里,这叫直接引语;
另一种是用自己的话来转述别人,并且不能用引号,这就是间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。
直接引语和间接引语关系:
直接引语:直接引述别人的话(句子中有“”)。
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接引语”(句子中一般无“”)
间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:
人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1.直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词that 引导。例如:
She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.
2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句,变成间接引语时,由连词whether或if 引导。例如:
He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.
注意:大多数情况下,if和whether 可以互换,但后有or not,或在动词不定式前,或放在介词后作连接词时,一般只用whether。例如:
She asked me whether he could do it or not.
He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如:
My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.
4. 直接引语是祈使句,变成间接引语时,把动词原形变成动词不定式,并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如:
The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.
注意:此种情况的否定句,在动词不定式前加not。
My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.
一些注意事项:
(1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时,变为间接引语,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
(2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语,变为间接引语时,一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如:
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效,变为间接宾语时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作,
在变为间接引时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,
在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如:
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,
在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如:
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
(7)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如:
He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.
Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.
直接引语变间接引语:A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句
1.连词
若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句,那么改为间接时,要用连词 that (可以省略)
……………….一般疑问句,…….,要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略)
……………….特殊疑问句,…….,要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身(不可省)
2.变化
(1)主句动词的变化
一般说来,主句谓语动词常为said或said to,变为间接引语时,当直接引语是陈述句时,said不变。
当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时,则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb.
(2)从句人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时,从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。
①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。
②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。
③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时,人称不变。例如:
①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus.
②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.
③His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.
(3)、从句动词时态的变化
a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。
①一般现在时→一般过去时;
②一般过去时→过去完成时;
③现在进行时→过去进行时;
④现在完成时→过去完成时;
⑤过去完成时→过去完成时(不变);
⑥一般将来时→过去将来时。例如:
The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
b. 直接引语变为间接引语时,如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如:
He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework.
She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day.
c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理,变为间接引语时,从句时态不变。例如:
The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
(4)、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词的变化为this→that, these→those等;
时间状语的变化为now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day等;
地点状语的变化为here→there;动词的变化为come→go(go 不要变come)。例如:
1. She said, “I will come this evening.” →She said that she would go that evening.
2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then.
B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth
疑问词组:
即使由疑问词和一些词一起构成的表示疑问的词组。由how/what与另外一个词组成的词组。
例如:
how many (后接可数名词,多少), how much (后接不可数名词,多少),
how often (表示频率), what if (如果…将会怎么样),
what about (…怎么样), what time (几点)
与how搭配的疑问词组:
How在英语中通常用作副词,是特殊疑问句中本领最大的疑问词。他与其它形容词或副词搭配组成疑问词组
1.How old问年龄、年代。
How old is your friend? 你朋友多大了?
How old is the bridge? 这座桥有多少年代了?
2.How many问可数名词数量。常将可数名词复数紧随其后。如:
How many pictures are there on the wall? 墙上有多少幅画?
How many glasses of milk would you like? 你们想要几杯牛奶?
3.How much询问不可数名词的数量、物品的价格。
How much money is there in the purse? 钱包里有多少钱?
How much are the apples at the moment? 目前苹果什么价钱?
4.How long提问物体的长度、时间的长短。
How long is the Changjia River? 长江有多长?
How long does it take you to do your homework every day?
你每天花多长时间做作业?
5.How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问, 表示“多久之后”。
How soon will you be back? 你多久后回来?
6.How often对表示频率的副词或短语提问。
How often does Mrs. Green go shopping? 格林夫人多久去购一次物?
7.How about用来征求对方意见。
Your father is a worker, how about your mother? 你父亲是工人,你母亲呢?
How about playing games after school this afternoon? 下午放学后做游戏怎么样?
8.How far 问两地间的距离How tall问人(树)的高度;how heavy问重量;how wide问宽;how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度。
How far is it from the earth to the moon? 从地球到月球有多远?
How tall is Yao Ming? 姚明身高多少?
How heavy is that big box? 那只大箱子有多重?
How wide is the new street? 这条新街有多宽?
How high is the tower in Paris? 巴黎的那座塔有多高?
与what搭配的疑问词组:
疑问词 |
意思 |
用法 |
例句 |
what |
什么 |
用来问是什么,叫什么,做什么等 |
1. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字? 2.What’s your father? 你爸爸是干什么的? 3.what is in your box? 你的盒子里是什么? |
what time |
什么时间 |
用来问时间 |
1.What time is it? 几点了? 2.What time is it now? 现在几点了? |
what colour |
什么颜色 |
用来问颜色 |
1.waht colour is your bag? 你的书包是什么颜色? 2.what colour is your book? 你的书本是什么颜色? |
what about |
怎么样 |
用来征求意见或询问感受等, 大多用于承接上面的同样问题 |
1.what bout this pair of shoes?这双鞋子怎么样? 2.what about you? 你呢? 3.what about your dad? 你爸爸呢? |
what day |
星期几 |
用来问星期几 |
1.what day is it today? 今天星期几? 2. what day was yesterday? 昨天星期几? |
what date |
什么日期 |
问具体的日期 |
1.What’s the date today? 今天是几号? 2. what date is tomorrow? 明天是几号? |
what...for... |
为何目的 |
用来问目的,在一定情况下只可以与why互换 |
What did you buy that for? 你为什么要买那个? |