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初中三年级英语

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    按要求做题。
    1. It seems that Polar Bears are gentle animals. (同义句)
    Polar Bears seems ____                 gentle animals.
    2. I am like this animal becauseI am strong and intelligent.(对划线部分提问)
               are you           this animal?
    3. The bridge was built last year. This photo was taken there. (合并成定语从句)
    The bridge___     this photo was taken           _____ last year.
    4. The question isn’t easy enough for them to answer. (改为复舍句)
    The question is           _____ _____ they           answer it.
    5. I really don’t know which sweater I should buy. (改为简单句)
    I really don’t know ______ ______  to______.
    本题信息:2012年同步题英语句型转换难度一般 来源:段秀玲
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本试题 “按要求做题。1. It seems that Polar Bears are gentle animals. (同义句)Polar Bears seems ____ gentle animals.2. I am like this animal becauseI am str...” 主要考查您对

疑问副词

关系副词

被动语态

不定式

介词

宾语从句

固定搭配

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 疑问副词
  • 关系副词
  • 被动语态
  • 不定式
  • 介词
  • 宾语从句
  • 固定搭配
疑问副词:
用来引导特殊疑问句,表示时间,地点,方式,原因等。
常见的有:when,where,how,why等。

疑问副词的用法:
1.疑问副词是问何时、何地、如何、因何的副词,主要有when, where, how, why。

2.疑问副词用在句首。
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美国待多久了?

3.疑问副词在句中引导名词子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。

4.疑问副词后接不定词构成的名词片语,在句中可以作主词、受词或主词补语。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解决这个问题使他伤透脑筋。
(How to solve the problem作主词。)
I don't know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答这个问题。
(how to answer the question作受词。)
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
这个病人急需这种药,但问题是哪里能找到。
(where to get it作主词补语。)

5.疑问副词引导的名词子句可作主词、受词或主词补语。
When we are to start the competition hasn't fixed yet.
我们什么时候开始比赛还没有定下来。
(When we are to start the competition作主词。)
She asked her husband where he had been.
她问她丈夫去哪里了。
(where he had been 作受词。)
The question is when we can finish our work.
问题是我们何时能完成我们的工作。
(when we can finish our work作主词补语。)


疑问代词与疑问副词的区别:
1. 疑问代词做对陈述句的主语,宾语或定语提问,即做句子的主语,宾语或定语,如what, who/ whom, whose.
eg. Who is talking ? What can you see?
Whose shirt is this?
2.疑问副词对时间,地点,方式等状语提问,如when, where, how 等.
eg. When is your birthday? Where are you going?
How do you know?
常见的疑问代词:what  who  which  whom(只做宾语)
疑问副词:how  where  when
还有whether是疑问连接词。
关系副词:
用于引出定语从句,且在句中用作状语。
关系副词when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因。
例如:Sunday is the day when very few people go to work.
            That is the reason why he dislikes me. 
            Do you know a shop where I can find sandals?

关系副词用法:
1.关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用,在不及物动词的连接中要求用关系副词。

2.关系副词所引导的形容词子句用于修饰主要子句中的某一名词或代名词,被修饰的词称作先行词,关系副词要放在先行词之后。
例如:关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语,表示时间,用以修饰表示时间的先行词。

3.关系副词主要有三个,即when,where,why。此外that也可代替关系代词引导代词子句。

4.关系副词=preposition(介词)+relative pronoun(关系代词)
例如:where=in which,when=on which,why=for which
这些关系副词在从句中做状语。
Would you please tell me the way how I can get to the zoo?
你能告诉我去动物园的路吗?(the way是先行词。)
This is the place where(that) I first met her.
这是我第一次见到她的地方。
在口语中that可以充当关系副词,代替when,why,how,只有先行词是the place时,才可代替where。
A:When should we start to work?
B:The sooner (we start),the better (it will be).
我们应该什么时候开始工作? 越早越好。
the作关系副词是引导副词子句,句子结构一般为:The+比较级...+the+比较级...,第一个the是关系副词。

5.time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行词时可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容词子句,而变成名词子句或副词子句。
中文:这是他出生的地方。
This is where he was born.
where he was born是名词子句。
This is the place where he was born.
where he was born是形容词子句。
中文:我将在第一次见到她的地方见她。
I'll meet her at the place where I first met her.
where I first met her是形容词子句。
I'll meet her where I first met her.
where I first met her是副词子句。

6.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
我们在学校里上学的那些日子里很快乐。

7.关系副词有补述用法,即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句,主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充,前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。
Tom got married the day before yesterday,when it was his birthday too.
汤姆前天结婚了,那天也是他的生日。

8.wherever,whenever,however是复合关系副词,表示"不论",引导一个修饰主要子句里的动词的副词子句,可加强语气或表示让步。
Wherever he goes,he would bring an umbrella with him.
不论他去那里,他都带着一把雨伞。


定语从句中关系词省略的6种情形:
关系词有时可以省略,但这只限于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,关系词则不可省略。
一、关系代词作宾语时的省略
当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时,可以省略。如:
Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?
Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?

二、关系代词作表语时的省略
当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时,可以省略。如:
China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)

三、关系代词作宾补时的省略
当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时,可以省略。如:
I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)

四、关系副词when的省略
用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如:
That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。
I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。

五、关系副词where的省略
用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如:
This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。
Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时?

六、关系副词why的省略
关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或for which,均可省略。如:
That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。
Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。


语态:
是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构:
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
如:Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如:The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如:The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如:The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如: He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如:The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。

不用于被动语态的情形:
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如:A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如:My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如:We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
例如:The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
例如:Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
例如:The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如:This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 :

时态

被动语态 

一般现在时

am/is/are+过去分词

一般过去时

was/were+过去分词

现在进行时

am/is/are being+过去分词

过去进行时

was/were being+过去分词

一般将来时

will be+过去分词

过去将来时

would be+过去分词

现在完成时

have/has been+过去分词

过去完成时

had been+过去分词

情态动词

情态动词be+过去分词


情态动词的被动语态:
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
(一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
(二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
(三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
(四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
—Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
—Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
—Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)
动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
介词:
是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词的分类:
(1)表示时间,处所:从 自 自从 于 打 到 往 在 当 朝 向 顺着 沿着 随着
(2)表示方式:按 照 按照 依 依照 本着 经过 通过 根据 以 凭
(3)表示目的:为 为了 为着
(4)表示原因:因 由于 因为
(5)表示对象,范围:对 对于 把 向 跟 与 同 给 关于
(6)表示排除:除 除了 除去 除非
(7)表示被动:被 叫 让 给
(8)表示比较:比 和 同
上述介词中的“着,了,过”是语素,不是动态助词。

介词at, in, on的区别: 
1. 表示时间,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如:
I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。
He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。
(2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如:
We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。
He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。
(3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如:
He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。

2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如:
We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。
The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。
与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如:
at my sister’s 在我姐姐家  at the doctor’s 在医务室
(2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如:
What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么?
He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。
但有时两者可换用。如:
The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。
(3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如:
in Shanghai 在上海    at the station 在车站
但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如:
Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。
We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。
(4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如:
What’s on the table? 桌上有什么?
There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。
注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如:
He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。

3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关:
in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关:
in bed / on the bed 在床上
in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上

介词besides,but,except的用法区别:
 1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;
而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。

2. 关于 but 与 except:
(1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:
but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。
All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
(2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每个人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me, everyone is tired.

3. 关于 except 与 except for:
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。

4. 关于 except for 与 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:
I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。


介词的用法口诀:

早、午、晚要用inat黎明、午夜、点与分。

年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in

将来时态in。。。以后,小处at大处in

有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in

特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in

介词atto表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。

日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,

收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、着论。

着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。

特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。

年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前onin

步行、驴、马、玩笑oncabcarriage则用in

at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。

工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。

就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。

海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类knowtoman

thisthattomorrowyesterdaynextlastone

接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

overunder正上下,abovebelow则不然,

若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。‘

beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。

besidesexcept分内外,among之内along沿。

同类比较except,加for异类记心间。

原状becauseof,、owingtodueto表语形容词

under后接修、建中,offrom物、化分。

beforeafter表一点,agolater表一段。

before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

since以来during间,since时态多变换。

与之相比beside,除了lastbutone

复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。

快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。

butfor否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。

ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。

之后、关于、在。。。。。。方面,有关介词须记全。

into外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。


宾语从句:
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
宾语从句连接代词主要有:
who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。

宾语从句的特点:
1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5.如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it.

宾语从句的时态:
1.主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。 

宾语从句的语序:
A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。   
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.   
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。    
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.   
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.  
C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.   
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. 
D.  主句一般过去时态,从句也要用过去时态。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.   
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner

宾语从句的否定转移:
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?


宾语从句中引导词的用法比较
在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:
连词:that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词:who, whose, what ,which
副词:when ,where, how, why 等。

(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句:The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句:I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

2.在以下情况中that不能省略
a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。
例句:He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。
例句:Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。
例句:I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。
例句:I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

(二)由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句:I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

2.只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句
a.在带to的不定式前
例句:We decided whether to walk there.
b.在介词的后面
例句:I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句:We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接与or not连用时
例句:I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.

3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
a.if引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”
例句:The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句:He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好象)时
例句:He talks as if he has known all about it.

if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
(如:I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。)
e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

(三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
用于这种结构的动词常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英语中的连接代词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
例句:Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英语中的连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分。
例句:None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.


简化宾语从句常用六法:
方法一:
当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,
且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。
例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.

方法二:当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,
且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,
且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?
→Could you tell me how to get to the station?

方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,
如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如:
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy



固定搭配:
英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法,如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。
例如:
take part in (参加) 
by accident (偶然地) 
lucky dog (幸运儿)
be interested in (对…感兴趣)

初中英语常见固定搭配:
(一)加-ing
enjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----    
spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---  
try doing 试着做------                
be busy doing sth 忙于做------
finish doing sth 完成做----           
look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)
be doing 正在做---     
Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你

(二)加-to
decide to do sth 决定去做-----             
ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----      
It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)        
would like / want to do 想要做-----    
It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----

(三)加原形
let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事   
be going to / will do sth (一般将来时态)

(四)加-to 或-ing意思不同
forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)    
forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)   
remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)
remember to do记得去做------(还没做)

(五)加-to 或-ing意思相同
begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------

(六)
A)动词+ 介词
agree with同意....的意见(想法);符合    
help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)  listen to听...              
..get to到达....       
fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据     
knock at /on敲(门、窗)        
laugh at嘲笑
learn.. from 向...学习     
live on继续存在;靠...生活 
look after照顾,照看look at看;观看           
look for寻找             
look like看起来像
pay for (sth.)付钱;支付 
point at指示;指向          
point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢           
quarrel with (和某人)吵架
regard...as ...把....当作....;当作                 
stop...from阻止.....做.....
talk about说话;谈话;谈论                        
talk with与......交谈think about考虑                                  
think of认为;想起
B)动词+ 副词                                                     
ask for请求;询问       
carry on坚持下去;继续下去     
cut down砍倒 
clean up清除;收拾干净  
come down下来;落    
come along来;随同
come in进来            
come on来吧;跟着来;赶快 
come over过来;顺便来访           
come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽)      
drop off放下(某物);下车                              
eat up吃光;吃完
fall behind落在......后面;输给别人            
fall down跌倒;从......落下
find out查出(真相)                                
get back回来;取回
get down下来;落下;把......取下来             
get off下来;从......下来get on上(车)               
get up起床                
give up放弃go on继续               
go out出去     
go over过一遍;仔细检查
grow up长大;成长      
hand in交上来                
hurry up赶快
hold on (口语)等一等;(打电话时)不挂断             
look out留神;注意
look over (仔细)检查                            
look up向上看;抬头看  
pass on传递;转移到....                          
pick up拾起;捡起
put away放好;把....收起来  
put on穿上;戴上;(戏剧等)上演;放(唱片等
put down把(某物)放下来                             
put up挂起;举起
run away流失;逃跑;逃走 
rush out冲出去 
set off出发;动身;
启程send up发射;把......往上送  
shut down把......关上      
sit down坐下
slow down减缓;减速      
take off脱掉(衣服)          
take out取出
throw about乱丢;抛撒                          
trip over (被......)绊倒
try on试穿(衣服、鞋等);试戴(帽子等)                
try out试验;尝试
turn down关小;调低        
turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等
turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)           
turn over (使)翻过来
wake up醒来                               
wear out把......穿旧;磨坏
work out算出;制订出                               
write down写下....
C) be + 形容词+ 介词                                              
be angry with对(某人)发脾气              
 be interested in对......感兴趣 
be able to能;会                                   
 be afraid of害怕
be amazed at对......感到惊讶            
be excited about对......感到兴奋
be filled with用......充满                            
be full of充满......的
be good at =do well in在....方面做得好;善于             
be late for迟到
be made in在......生产或制造            
be made of由....组成;由....
be pleased with对......感到满意              
be proud of以......自豪/高兴
be used for用于
D)动词+ 名词/ 代词                                               
beg one′s pardon请原谅;对不起         
do morning exercises做早操
do one′s homework做作业                                           
enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐;玩得愉快                   
give a concert开音乐会     
go boating去划船      
go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行     
go skating去滑冰     
go shopping (去)买东西
have a cold (患)感冒    
have a cough (患)咳嗽  
have a headache (患)头痛  
have a try尝试;努力    
have a look看一看         
have a rest休息 
have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐;坐下        
have sports进行体育活动  
have supper吃晚餐   
hear of听说   
hold a sports meeting举行运动会
make a decision作出决定  
make a mistake犯错误  
make a noise吵闹
make faces做鬼脸      
make friends交朋友       
make money赚钱
take one′s place坐某人的座位;代替某人的职务                       
teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学                  
watch TV看电视 
take photos照相       
take time花费(时间)         
take turns轮流
E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词                                  
catch up with赶上           
come up with找到;提出(答案、解决办法等)
get on well with与......相处融洽                   
give birth to生(孩子) 
help yourself / yourselves to自取;随便吃   
make room for给.....腾出地方
play a joke on戏弄人;对人恶作剧              
speak highly of称赞   
say good bye to告别;告辞               
take an active part in积极参加
take care of照顾;照料;注意
F)其他类型                                                        
be awake醒着的          
be born出生         
be busy doing忙着做
come true实现     
do one′s best尽最大努力     
fall asleep睡觉;入睡  
go home回家    
go on doing (sth.)继续做某事;尽力   
get married结婚
get together相聚                  
go straight along  沿着...一直往前走
had better (do)最好(做...)                    
keep doing sth.一直做某事        
make sure确保;确认;查明               
make up one′s mind下决心