本试题 “— Shall I tell John about it?— If I were you, I _____. He is a dishonest man.[ ]A. willB. won'tC. wouldD. wouldn't” 主要考查您对情态动词
虚拟语气句
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
情态动词特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。
He could be here soon.他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起，我帮不上你。
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是：
基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）
除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：
We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：
Still,she needn't have run away.
5）情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：
You should have washed the wound.
Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
7）情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
Must I read books every day、
No,you needn't
常见情态动词用法：
1.can (could) 表示说话人能，可以，同意，准许，以及客观条件许可，could 为 can 的过去式。
2.Must 必须，应该，一定，准是，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令，要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。
must 和 have to 的区别：must 表示说话人的主观思想，have to 表示客观需要。
3.need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
5.ought 应当，应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
7.Shall、should 表示命令，警告，允诺，征求，劝告，建议，惊奇。
8.have to，不得不，必须，表示客观条件只能如此，而must 则表示主观思想。
|
时间 |
条件从句 |
主句 |
例句 |
|
与现在事实相反 |
If+主语+过去式（系 |
would |
见①②句 |
|
与过去事实相反 |
If+主语+had+过去分词 |
Would |
见③④句 |
|
与将来事实相反 |
过去式 |
would |
见⑤⑥句 |
例句：
① If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
② If I won a million dollars, I would give it to charities.
③ If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
④ If I had known that earlier, I wouldn’t have done it.
⑤ If he should go to Tsinghua University, he would make full use of his time.
⑥ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.
虚拟语气误区:
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；
2.省略if时，句子调整不正确；
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；
4.陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。
省略虚拟条件:
1.省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首：
Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。
Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要，我会去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
【注】
① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：
Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)
2.省略主语和动词be
若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：
If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)
3.省略“it+be”
If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
如果需要的话，我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)
4.省略条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：
I might see her personally. It would be better.
我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)
含蓄条件句中
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是otherwise）
Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
（暗含条件是介词短语without your help）
But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件是but for your help）
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
（暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）
(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：
I would not have done it that way.
我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you）
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.）
You might come to join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to）
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had the money）
But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for the storm）。
条件状语从句用法及动词形式:
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：
从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)
主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg：
1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）
5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）
6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If 主语+had+done
主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done
eg：
1．If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）
2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
主句：主语+should+do
从句：
①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were
eg：
1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小）
3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小）
4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
eg：
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：
If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：
Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
Were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…等
eg：
But for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
7、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。
虚拟语气的其他用法:
1、一想要( desire )
一宁愿( prefer )
一坚持( insist )
二命令( order , command )
三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend)
四要求( demand , require , request , ask)中，
无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用："should + do"。should可以省略。
eg：
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist 意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点，某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。eg：
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
eg：
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2、表情绪、观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气。如：
necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。
句型：It is.......that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或 只用动词原型。
eg:
Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
注：这一点还没有准确的说法，希望善心人能把这点补充完全。
3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现在相反的情况；
从句用过去完成时，表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
eg：
Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）
4、 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：指现在或将来：may +do。
eg：
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。
指过去：may +have done 。
eg：
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。
5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
过去 had + done
现在 过去时(be 用were )
将来 过去时(be 用were ) （would rather 将来情况用一般过去时）
eg：
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
注：注意would rather，had rather，would sooner的细微差别，可以百度一下查查。
6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：
It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do（优先使用动词过去式） ，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
7、 简单句中的虚拟语气
（1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should +do。
eg：
Would you mind me shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗？
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）
（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may + 主语+ do。
eg：
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用do。
eg：God bless us. 上帝保佑。
（4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。eg：
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗？
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg：
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议。eg：
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。eg：
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词 + have done。
eg：
You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。
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