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高中二年级英语

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  • 单选题
    Facts prove that the word's economic development is not a win- lose game but _____ in which
    all _____ be winners.

    [     ]


    A. one; must
    B. that; shall
    C. one; can
    D. that; must
    本题信息:2008年0103期中题英语单选题难度一般 来源:姜雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “Facts prove that the word's economic development is not a win- lose game but _____ in whichall _____ be winners.[ ]A. one; mustB. that; shallC. one...” 主要考查您对

不定代词

情态动词

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 不定代词
  • 情态动词

不定代词概说:

英语的不定代词有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。


不定代词用法对比:

1、so little与such little的区别:
用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little: 
如:He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。 
 I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。
2、some与any的用法区别:
一般说来,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some而不用any:
如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?
        Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?
        Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?
注:any有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:
如:Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。
        Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。
3、many与much的用法区别:
两者都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与few(少数)相对;
而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中: 
如:Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
        We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。
在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;
另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修饰,也可用于肯定句中:
如:Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。
        Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。
        You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。
        Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 
        I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。
4、few, a few与little, a little的用法区别:
(1)few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;
a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:
如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。
        It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。
(2)little和alittle之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似:
如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。
        Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
5、other, the other, another与others的用法区别:
这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下: 
(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other:
如:Give me another(one). 另外给我一个。 
        Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2)指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):
如:There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
       Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了?
(3)others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地the others大致相当于“the other+复数名词”:
如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
        He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4)another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时,则也可接复数名词:
如:We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
        In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
(5)与some对比使用时,用others(此时与some同义):
如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。


不定代词用法点拨:

1、指两者和三者的不定代词
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:
如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
        All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
        There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。
        He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。
        He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。
:each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。

2、复合不定代词的用法特点:
复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点:
(1)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:
如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。
        Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?
(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their:
如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
        If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
(3)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they:
如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?
(4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语,可用any one, every one(分开写):
如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)
        every one of the students(schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)

3、是any not还是not any:
按英语习惯,any以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:
误:Anyone doesn't know how to do it.
正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。
误:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it.
正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.这事谁也干不了。
误:Anything can not prevent me from going.
正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。

4、不定代词与部分否定:
不定代词all, both, every等与not连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none, neither, no one等。
比较:All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 
            Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
            All of the students don't like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
            None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。

5、all, both, each等用作同位语:
若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:
如:We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all修饰的主语是代词)
        The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all修饰的主语是名词)
        They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all修饰的宾语是代词)
但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)


不定代词知识体系:

 


不定代词与语境考题:

不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解:
例1:—Is____here?
        —No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A. anybody
B. everybody
C. somebody
D. nobody
解析:
若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?)

例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
解析:
此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。

例3:—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?
          —No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.
A. something
B. anything
C. everything
D. nothing
解析:答案:C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”

例4:—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.
          —Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
解析:
此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于the thing)。


情态动词的概念:

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。


几组词的辨析

1、need和dare的用法:
need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。
(1)用作情态动词:
 如:—Need I come? 我需要来吗?
         —Yes, you must. 需要。
         You needn′t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 
         I don′t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。 
         She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
         How dare you say I′m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平?
         Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。
(2)用作实义动词:
如:You don′t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
        We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
        The table needs painting(to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
        We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
        He did not dare(to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。
        I dare day he′ll come again. 我想他会再来的。
2、can和be able to:
(1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。
如:Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
(2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。
如:He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn′t feel like it that day.
        他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。
        Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
3、must和have to:
must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式,除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间,在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
如:I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
        We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
4、would和used to:
(1)usedto表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。
如:People used to think that the earth was flat.  过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。) 
        She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
        在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。)
(2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
如:He used to∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
        She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。


情态动词的基本用法:

1、can(could):
1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。
如:Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
        Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。
如:The temperature can fall to–60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至-60℃,也就是零下60℃。
        He can′t(couldn′t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。  
        You mustn′t smoke while you′re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 
        在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
3)表示允许。
如:Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
        He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
如:Where can(could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
        He can′t(couldn′t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
        How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
如:Can(Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?
        I′m afraid we couldn′t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2、may(might):
1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。
如:You may take what ever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
        He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
        May(Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式:
如:Yes, please./Certainly. /Please don′t./You′d better not./No, you mustn′t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。
如:He may be at home. 他可能在家。
        She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
        He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。 
如:They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。
3、must:
1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。
如:We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
        You mustn′t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
         —Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗?
         —No, you needn′t./No, you don′t have to.不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn′t)
2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。
如:He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
如:She′s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot o fmoney. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。
4、shall:
1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
如:Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?
        Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
        What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么?
2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
如:You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
        You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
        He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
如:Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
5、will:
1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。
如:I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
        None is so blind as those who won′t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
        If you will read the book, I′ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
2)表请求,用于疑问句。
如:Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。
        Won′t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?
3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
如:Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
        The door won′t open. 这门打不开。
        The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 
        那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。
6、should:
1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。
如:You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
        You shouldn′t waste anytime. 你不应该浪费时间。
2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。
如:The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。       
        They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
7、would:
1)表意愿。
如:They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。 
        I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
如:Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗?
        Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?
        They wouldn′t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
如:Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。
8、ought to:
1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。
如:You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。
        You oughtn′t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。
如:Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
        There′s a fine sun set; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。
9、used to:
表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。
如:He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。
        There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。
        I usedn′t (didn′t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。
        Used you(Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?

情态动词的其他用法:

首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。
用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形:
句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
如:We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。
        May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
        Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗?
        You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。


情态动词知识体系:

 


情态动词表推测的三种句式:

1、在肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许)。
如:He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 
        It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2、否定句中用can't/couldn't (不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
如:It can't/couldn't be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了
        He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
3、疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。
如:Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?
        Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。

情态动词表推测的三种时态:

1、对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词+动词原形”。
如:She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.  5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
        She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
        她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
2、对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词+be”,“情态动词+bedoing”或“情态动词+动词原形”。
如:He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
        He can't(couldn't)/may(might) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
        Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can(could) he be late for the opening ceremony?
        布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
3、对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词+have+过去分词”。
如:It must/may/might/ could have rained last night. The ground is wet. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
        The door was locked. He can(could) not/may(might) not have been at home. 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。       
        Can/Could he have gotten the book?难道他找到书了吗?
:情态动词should/ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have+过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
如:It's seven o'clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
        现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)    
        She should/ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.(虚拟)
        她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 
        Tom should not/ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.(虚拟)
        汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。