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高中三年级英语

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  • 填空题
    用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
    1. In their opinion, the Internet, if properly _____(manage), holds the key to success in the 21st century.
    2. Production fell by 20% in May, _____(compare) to the same month of last year.
    3. My cousin came to see me from the country, _____(bring) me a full basket of fresh fruits.
    4. _____(retire) from the army, it took William a long time to adjust to civilian life.
    5. I have never seen Beijing Opera _____(perform) so brilliantly.
    本题信息:2011年同步题英语填空题难度一般 来源:姜雪
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本试题 “用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。1. In their opinion, the Internet, if properly _____(manage), holds the key to success in the 21st century.2. Produ...” 主要考查您对

现在分词的完成式

现在分词

过去分词

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 现在分词的完成式
  • 现在分词
  • 过去分词

现在分词完成式的概念:

从动作关系上看,现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作;从用法上看,现在分词完成式主要用作状语,表示时间或原因等。


现在分词完成式的基本用法: 
  
1、表示时间:  
如:Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。  
        Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅馆之后,我们就去找吃饭的地方。  
        Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。  
        Having packed up her things, she went to book her ticket. 她收拾好行李之后就去买车票。  
注:这样用的现在分词通常可以转换成时间状语从句。
如:Having finished her work, she went home. =After she had finished her work, she went home. 她干完工作就回家了。    
2、表示原因:  
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。  
        Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 我们邀请他来这儿讲演,所以我们最好去听讲。   
注:这样用的现在分词通常可以转换成原因状语从句。
如:Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. =As he had been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 他曾多次到过那里,主动提出当我们的向导。  
现在分词的完成式用作状语时,通常位于主句之前,但有时也可置于主句之后,不过此时多见于表原因的场合。
如:I didn't feel terribly shocked, having expected all this. 这情况我早已料到,因此我并不感到过于震惊。  
        I was unable to accept your invitation. having promised to accompany my mother to the concert. 我因已答应陪我母亲赴音乐会而不能接受你的邀请。    

现在分词完成式的否定式:
    
原则上应将not置于整个分词完成式之前。
如:Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于没有做对,所以又试了试。  
        Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。  
        Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. 由于没得到他的回信,她决定再给他写一封信。       

现在分词完成式用于独立结构:
    
有时现在分词完成式可以用于独立结构。
如:The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。  
        The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨,渡河不可能了。  
        My turn having comeround, I was ushered into the examining room. 轮到我之后,我就被引入考场。  
        The last bus havingg one, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。    

使用现在分词完成式的错点:
    
现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语,遇此情况可改用定语从句。
如:你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?   
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat?   
正:Do you know anyone who has lost a cat?   
        我想同打破窗户的人淡淡。  
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window   
正:I want to talk to the person who has broken the window   
注意:若将以上现在分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以,因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生。


现在分词一般式与完成式的区别: 
   
现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分同的完成式所表示的先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。
如:Locking the door, she went out. 她锁上门走了出去。  
        Having lost his job, he'd begun to interest himself in local voluntary work.他失业后便开始关注地方的志愿工作了。  
:有时两者意思差不多,可以换用。
如:Tying one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window.
        Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把绳子的一头系在床上,另一头扔出窗外。  
但是注意,用现在分词一般式代替完成式的用法通常只限于现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作之间没有时间间隔的场合,比如以下情况就不可随便替换。  
1、当换用会引起语义含混时。
如:看完了说明书之后,他迅速拿起了灭火器。  
不妥:Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fireextinguisher.  
正句:Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fireextinguisher.  
前面一句用了现在分词的一般式,给人的印象好像是两个动作同时发生的,容易引起误解,故宜改用完成式。  
2、当两个动作之间有一段间隔时,必须用分词的完成式。
如:Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已经失败了两次,他不想再试了。  
3、当第一个动作持续一段时间时,必须用分词的完成式。
如:Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another. 自己当老板已经这么久了,他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。    

现在分词完成被动式与过去分词的区别:
    
现在分词的完成被动式有两个特点:一是表示完成,二是表示被动。
如:Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来,不然就不给我们送信了。  
过去分词的用法也有两个特点:一是表示完成,二是表示被动。所以有时现在分词的完成被动式与过去分词可以表示相同的意思。
如:(Having been)written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。  
        (Having been)born in America, he is proficient in English. 由于他是在美国出生的,所以英语很好。  
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:  
如:Having been shown the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。  
        Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室,我们就离开了。(有一种急促感)  
:以下情况通常用过去分词,而不用现在分词的完成式。  
1、过去分词表示先于谓语动同发生的动作外,还可以表示与谓语动词同时(几乎同时)发生的动作,此时不可用现在分词的完成式代替。
如:He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。  
        Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. 他相信他们要毒死他,所以他拒绝进食。  
2、当过去分词以表示现在或过去(当时)的状态时,也不可用现在分词的完成式代替。
如:The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来,双手被绑在后面。  
3、当连用具体明确的过去时间状语时,通常也只用过去分词。
如:Built in1501, the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年,已有五百多年的历史。    

现在分词的概念:

现在分词(PresentParticiple)(又称-ing形式),是分词的一种,是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语)。一般式:doing;一般被动式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被动式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。


现在分词的用法:

1)做表语:
如:He was very amusing.
        That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2)作定语:
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:
如:That must have been a terrifying experience.
        I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句:
如:There are a few boys swimming in the river.
        There is a car waiting outside.
3)作状语:
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作:
如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. 
        Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
        Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句:
如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
        Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句:
如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
        Returning home, he began to do his homework. 
        Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
        Be careful when crossing the road.
        Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
        Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补:
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语:
例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如:I see him passing my house every day.
        I caught him stealing things in that shop.
        I smelt something burning.
        She kept him working all day.


现在分词其他用法解析:

1、现在分词一般式的用法:
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生:
如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
         Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔:
如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家,他决定留个字条。 
         He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时,现在分词通常位于句末。

2、现在分词完成式的用法:
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。
        Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。
注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔:
如:Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。
        Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式:
如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
(2)现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生):
误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window.

3、现在分词被动式的用法:
当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:
(1)现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
         I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
(2)现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
        Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
比较:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
            Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。


过去分词的概念:

过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。即:动词原形加-ed构成。
如:fallen leaves 落叶 
        boiled water 开水
        I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。


过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别:

两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同,但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。
如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:
如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。


过去分词的句法功能:

1、作定语:
如:I don't like the book written by Martin.
       Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 
注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语:
如:They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
        The window is broken. 窗户破了。
        They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别:The window is broken.(系表)
            The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。
如:boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语:
如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语:
如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
        Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
        Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件) 
        Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.  虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步) 
        Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。
        The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他开始撒种子。


现在分词与过去分词的区别:

1、分词作表语:
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有:
interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的 
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的 
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
        The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 
        The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语)
        We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)

2、分词作定语:
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
如:He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
        The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
        The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。
        He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,  returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

3、分词作状语:
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
        Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
        Smiling, they came in.
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如:Cleaned, the room looks nice.
        Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.  如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
        Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。