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初中三年级英语

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  • 句型转换
    按要求改写句子。
    1. The story made me feel sad.(改为被动语态)
    I _________ _________ _________ _________ sad by the story.
    2. The boy usually went to school late.(改为同义句)
    The boy _________ _________ _________ to school late.
    3. The river has been polluted by the factory since five years ago.(改为主动语态)
    The factory _________ _________ the river since five years ago.
    4. We're trying tosave the manatees.  (对画线部分提问)
    _________ _________ you trying to _________ ?
    5. Manatees eat about 100 pounds of food a day.(改为一般疑问句)
    _________ manatees _________ about 100 pounds of food a day?
    本题信息:2012年同步题英语句型转换难度一般 来源:段秀玲
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “按要求改写句子。1. The story made me feel sad.(改为被动语态)I _________ _________ _________ _________ sad by the story.2. The boy usually went to ...” 主要考查您对

疑问代词

被动语态

动词短语

现在完成时

一般疑问句

特殊疑问句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 疑问代词
  • 被动语态
  • 动词短语
  • 现在完成时
  • 一般疑问句
  • 特殊疑问句

疑问代词:
疑问代词在句中起名词的作用,用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有:   
what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever   
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有词性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。 
what, which, whose还可作限定词。
Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which


疑问代词说明:
一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

二、Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)

三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)

四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。


疑问代词用法:
1. 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which和what, 都是用来构成疑问句的:
Who is calling? 谁打电话来?
Whom do you want to speak to? 你想找谁接电话?
作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,在口语中用who作宾语时也不少:
Who did you mean? 你指的是谁?
Who are you talking about? 你们在讲谁?
直接跟在介词后时只能用whom:
With whom did you come? 你和谁一道来的?
(口语中说“Who did you come with?时更多一些。)

2. 其他三个疑问代词可用作:
1)主语:
What’s your address? 你的地址怎样写?
Whose is better? 谁的好一些?
Which of these is yours? 哪一本是你的?
2)宾语:
What do you mean? 你是什么意思?
Which do you like better? 哪一个你更喜欢一些?
Whose have you chosen? 你选了谁的?
3)表语:
What’s her name? 她叫什么名字?
Whose is it? 这是谁的?
4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词):
What time does the train leave? 这列火车什么时候离开?
Which room shall we stay in? 我们住哪间房?
Whose passport is this? 这是谁的护照?
语态:
是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构:
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
如:Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如:The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如:The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如:The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如: He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如:The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。

不用于被动语态的情形:
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如:A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如:My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如:We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
例如:The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
例如:Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
例如:The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如:This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 :

时态

被动语态 

一般现在时

am/is/are+过去分词

一般过去时

was/were+过去分词

现在进行时

am/is/are being+过去分词

过去进行时

was/were being+过去分词

一般将来时

will be+过去分词

过去将来时

would be+过去分词

现在完成时

have/has been+过去分词

过去完成时

had been+过去分词

情态动词

情态动词be+过去分词


情态动词的被动语态:
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
(一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
(二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
(三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
(四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
—Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
—Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
—Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)
动词短语:
由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式:
1.动词+副词
①作及物动词,例: 
He brought up his children strictly.   
从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
②作不及物动词,例:    
Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2.动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

3.动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

4.动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

5.动词+名词+介词    
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语:

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒


初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽,走近     
come back回来   
come from来自,源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减  
cut up连根拔除,切碎

5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查                  
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出,熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展,相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回,收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)

10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找,向上看 
look through翻阅,浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱,报复 
pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

19. put
put up张贴,举起,   
put out伸出,扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱           
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面

21. run
run after追逐,追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉,迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起,引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
take down记录,取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
think out(自然)想出办法  
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝               
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食



现在完成时:
过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式:
1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。
如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如:
—Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗?
—Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。)
3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如:
How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次?
提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如:
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)
→ Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型:
①for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
现在完成时特点:
1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如:
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。
例如:
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,
而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。
比较:
I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)

have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:
have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;
have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,
前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。
如:
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。

3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用.

4.不能与when连用.

现在完成时的用法:
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?    
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.

5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语+have / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了  
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。  
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to:去了没回
has been to :去过
has been in:呆了很久


一般疑问句:
是疑问句的一种。通常用yes,no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义,句末用升调。
其结构是:系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分? 
通常回答为:   
肯定:Yes+主语+提问的助动词   
否定:No+主语+提问的助动词+not 
例如:
Are you from Japan?   Yes, I am./No, I'm not.
Do you live near your school? Yes, I do./No, I don't. 
Can you speak French?  Yes, I can./No, I can't.
一般疑问句的特性:
1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am/ is/ are)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。
如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。如:
I'm in Class 2Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖
We're watching TV. →Are you watching TV﹖
2.陈述句中有情态动词(can、may、must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。如:
He can swim now. →Can he swim now﹖
The children may come with us. → May the children come with us﹖
3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如:
I like these animals. →Do you like these animals﹖
She wants to go to the movies. → Does she want to go to the movies﹖
4.一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)
5.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如:
Are they in town now﹖
I think so.
May I sit here﹖
Certainly.
Does he like soccer﹖
Sorry I don't know.
6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。
陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧:
根据一般疑问句不同的家族,可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。
1、第一家族:含be动词或情态动词的句子
秘诀:一调二改三问号
一调:即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前;
二改:改换主语称谓,即将句中的主语Imy minesweourours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称youyour yours等;
三问号:句末的句号改为问号。如:
Eg. I am an English teacher.    →    Are you an English teacher?
Eg. We can speak English fluently.   →    Can you speak English fluently?

2、第二家族:含行为动词(或称为实义动词)的句子
秘诀:一加二改三问号
一加:即在句首加助动词Do或Does;
二改:1、把谓语动词改为原形;2、改换主语称谓(同第一家组);
三问号:句末的句号改为问号。
Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?
Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?
特别注意:对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原,因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。

3、加强记忆口诀:
肯变一,并不难,can 或be提在前;
谓语若为行为动,do 或does句首用。
特殊疑问句:
以特殊疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。
常用的疑问词有:what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。
特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词+一般疑问句”。
其回答应当是具体的。特殊疑问句句末一般用降调。 
例如:How do I get there? 
            Why not? 
            What about the sports news?
常用疑问词可先分为3种:
疑问代词:
what(什么)
who(谁,作主语)
which(哪个,在一定范围内选择)
whose(谁的,指附属关系)
whom(谁,作宾语)

疑问副词:
when(何时,询问时间)
where(何地,询问地点)
why(为什么,询问原因)
how(如何,询问手段,方式,工具以及程度)

疑问形容词:
what(which,whose)+名词
例词:
what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ...
how much(多少) how long(多长)...

特殊疑问句的特点:
一、 特殊的疑问词:
特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头,询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。
我们学过的疑问词有what(询问事物), how much(询问价格), what time (询问时间,尤其是点钟), what kind of(询问种类), why(询问原因),who(询问人), where(询问地点) 等等。如:
—What is this? 这是什么?
—It's a key. 这是一把钥匙。
—How much is it? 这个多少钱?
—It's twenty dollars. 二十美元。
—What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢哪一类型的电影?
—I like action movies. 我喜欢动作片。

二、特殊的语序:
特殊疑问句由疑问词开头,其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如:
What time is it? 现在几点钟?
Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师?
特殊疑问句有两种语序:
1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:
Who is singing in the room﹖
whose bike is broken﹖
2.如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是:
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语)
What does she like?
What class are you in﹖
Where are you from﹖
What time does he get up every morning﹖
How do you know﹖
 
三、特殊的答语:
特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答,而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答才行。如:
— What time is it, please? 请问几点了?
— It's 7:30. 七点半了。
— Where are they? 他们在哪儿?
—They're in the playground. 他们在操场上。
—What's your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的科目是什么?
—English. 英语。

四、 特殊的语调:
一般情况下,特殊疑问句要用降调(↘)来读。如:
Who's ↘that?
How old is↘Jack?