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高中二年级英语

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  • 单选题
    With the guide _____ the way tomorrow, we'll have no trouble finding the village.
    [     ]

    A. led
    B. to lead
    C. leading
    D. leads
    本题信息:2010年月考题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “With the guide _____ the way tomorrow, we'll have no trouble finding the village.[ ]A. ledB. to leadC. leadingD. leads” 主要考查您对

不定式

独立主格结构

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 不定式
  • 独立主格结构

动词不定式的概念:

动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。


不定式的特殊句型对比:

1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…:
1)too…to 太…以至于…。
例如:He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。  
        —Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
        —Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为“不太”。
例如:It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语) 
3)当too前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…等于very。
例如:I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 
            He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to:
1)表示目的:它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如:Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。   
            Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果:
例如:Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型:Why not:
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不……?   干吗不……?
例如:Why not take a holiday?


不定式的用法:

1、不定式作补语:
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。      
            The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。
例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 等。
例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 
            We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)
典型例题:Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
                    A. to invent 
                    B. inventing 
                    C. to have invented 
                    D. having invented 
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。 3)有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
            You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语:
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
            It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 
            It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 
            It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。  
            His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。   
            There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
5、不定式作状语:
1)目的状语:常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)...asto…(如此…以便…)。
例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。  
            I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
例如:I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。  
            He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因:
例如:I'm glad to see you.  见到你很高兴。
            She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件:
例如:He must be a fool to say so.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.


不定式知识体系:

 


不定式用法拓展:

1、用作介词的to:
to可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admit to  object to  beaccus to  med to  beused to  stick to  turn to开始 look forward to  be devoted to  pay attention to  contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

2、省去to的动词不定式:
1)情态动词(除ought外)后。
2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。
例如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.  
           The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3)would rather,had better句型后:
4)Why…/why not…句型后:
5)help后可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
6)but和except后:
but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。  
            He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:
8)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。
例如:He is supposed(to be)nice. 他应该是个好人。

3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如:Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。 
            She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
例如:It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如:It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。
例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。  
            He is hard.(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)


独立主格结构的概念:

独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

独立主格结构基本构成形式

   名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语) 
1)名词(代词)+现在分词
   Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
   黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
   There being no bus, we had to walk home.
   由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2)名词(代词)+过去分词
   The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
   由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
   He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.  
   他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3)名词(代词)+不定式
   在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的
   主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
   The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
   我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
   Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
   beautiful.
   种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4)名词(代词)+形容词
   The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
   特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
   Computers very small, we can use them widely.
   电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5)名词(代词)+副词
   The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
   散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 
   The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
   灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6)名词(代词)+名词
   His first shot failure,he fired again.
   他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
   Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
   两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
7)名词(代词) +介词短语
   He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
   他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。
   Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood
   on her back.
   每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。


with,without 引导的独立主格结构:

   with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定
   要用宾格
   上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
   The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
   小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)
   Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
   她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)
   The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
   有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)
   The boy was walking, with his father ahead.  
   父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
   He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
   他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)
   With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
   由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)
   在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。

独立主格结构的句法功能:
 
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。
1)作时间状语
   My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft
   tatami matting.
   我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
   The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.
   总督思考问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2)作条件状语
   Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
   如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
   Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
   如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。
3)作原因状语
  The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
  由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
   There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
   没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。
4)作伴随状语或补充说明
   I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people
   falling back respectfully on either side.
   我拿着车票还有我的奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。
   Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
   十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5)作定语,独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
   He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
   他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
   He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
   他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
   Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
   靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。

独立主格结构比较:

一、独立结构在句中的作用:

1、时间状语:
如:The test finished, we began our holiday. (=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.)
2、条件状语:
如:Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.)
3、原因状语:
如:The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working. (=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.)
4、伴随状语:
如:He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. (=He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)

二、其它形式的独立结构

1、在以上所讲的独立结构前加with,这种结构在句中可作:
1)伴随状语:
如:With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.
        The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).
        He used to sleep with the window open. 
2)原因状语:
如:He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
        With Tom away, we have got more room. 
3)时间状语:
如:With everything well arranged, he left his office.

三、It形式的独立结构
(表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等):
如:It being Monday, the library is closed.
        It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.

四、倒装结构
:(即在独立结构中,逻辑主语在后)
1)there be形式:
如:There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.
2)such形式:
如:Such being the case, she had nothing to say.
3)介词短语形式:
如:In the sand being the mark of a man's foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.


独立主格结构注意事项:

1)独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
如:The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2)动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
如:The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的时间)
如:The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束)
        The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)
3)独立主格结构介词使用的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with的复合结构不受此限制。
如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。     
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
如:He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。
4)独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking(总的说来),Frankly speaking(坦率地说),Judging from (从……判断),Supposing(假设),等等。
如:Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
        Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest(老实说),to be sure(确实),to tell you the truth(说实话),to cut a long story short(长话短说),to be frank(坦率地说),to make matters/things worse(更糟糕的是),等等。
如:To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
        To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
       情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5)独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
如:If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.  如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
       When we see from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
如:Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen)