本试题 “下列各句中均有一处错误，请指出并改正。1. I prefer reading to write. ______________2. This piece of music doesn't interest in the boy at all. ______...” 主要考查您对可数名词（单数名词，复数名词）
关系代词
形容词
实义动词
动名词
定语从句
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
| 情况 | 构成方法 | 例词 | 读音 |
| 一般情况 | 在词尾加-s | desk→desks map→maps |
-s在清辅音后发/s/ |
| day→days girl→girls |
-s在元音和浊辅音后发/z/ | ||
| 以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词 | 在词尾加-es | bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes | -es发/iz/音 |
| 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 | 变y为i再加-es | family→families factory→factories party→patries |
-ies发/iz/音 |
| 以元音字母加-y结尾的词 | 在词尾加-s | day→days boy→boys key→keys |
-s发/z/音 |
| 以f或fe结尾的词 | 变f或fe为v再加-es | knife→knives life→lives wife→wives half→halves |
-ves发/vz/音 |
| 以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 | 在词尾加-es | potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes |
-es发/z/音 |
| 以元音字母加-o结尾的词 | 在词尾加-s | radio→radios zoo→zoos |
-s发/z/音 |
关系代词的基本用法：
（1）引导定语从句
关系代词代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）
This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回来都忘记了他的那本书。
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
（2）which为其先行词。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
（3）其他用法
关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
注释：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略，that在从句中作表语时也可省略。
非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作关系代词。
关系代词的语法注意:
1.常用that 不用which的情况:
①先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时。
I will do all (that) I can to help you.
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时。
He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
③先行词既有人,又有物时
They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
④当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
2. 若被修饰的名词充当从句介词宾语时
介词可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
3. 当先行词为way时
其后的定语从句用in which或 that引导,也可不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.
used to/be used to的分别：
①used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
②be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
③used to 的用法 （否定式简写为usedn't） 过去经常，以前常常
This used to be a shabby house. （此房年久失修）
used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事，有时可以换用。
used to do 强调过去习惯性的行为或状态，但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此，这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。
关系代词的用法:
一、不用that的情况
在引导非限定性定语从句时 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.
二、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b.在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c.先行词有the only, the very.（恰恰，正好）.any. few. little. no. all 修饰时，只用that。
d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
e.先行词既有人，又有物时。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
三、不能用关系代词Which 的几种情况
1.当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.当先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that, 不用which.
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用that, 而不用which.
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.当先行词有序数词修饰时，关系代词用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时，关系代词用that,不用which.
It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时，关系代词用that,不用which.
There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在强调句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那样 "，" 正象..." 之意时，用as, 不用which.
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面或主句中间，而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.
关系代词可以省略的情况:
1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.当that在从句中作补语时可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be 时，用作主语的关系代词也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.状语的省略
（1）当先行词是reason，而且定语从句中作原因状语时，关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
（2）当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
（3）当先行词是time时，关系代词可用when,that 或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意：关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。
关系代词不能省略情况：
1.在介词+whom与介词+which中，whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
2.在非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中，as,that即使作宾语，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同类用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个)
4.当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时，第一个关系代词可省，但第二，第三个不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
|
|
限定性 |
非限定性 |
限定性 |
|
主格 |
who |
which |
that |
|
宾格 |
whom |
that |
that |
|
属格 |
whose |
of which |
of which |
特殊关系代词的用法：
关系词通常是用来引导定语从句的,但as,than和but这三个词却与which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的关系词不同。
三者本身具有常见的字面意义,前面有名词作先行词,但后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。
这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,我们就姑且称它们为准关系词。
一、 as作为准关系代词出现在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等结构中。
这时, as前面通常要有名词;
as后面的从句意义上不像是通常的定语从句;
as需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. the same ... as
1) as在从句中作主语
She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天来这儿的那个人。
2) as在从句中作宾语
This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 这块表跟我三个月前在上海观光时丢失的那块一样。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
China is not the same country as it used to be. 中国已今非昔比。
4) as在从句中作行为方式状语
You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你应该学会像你母亲那样做家务活。
2. such ... as
1) as在从句中作主语
Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 让孩子看那些容易让他们变得更好更聪明的书。
2) as在从句中作宾语
This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 这不是你们刚才谈到的那种有趣的书。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他这样的坏人一定会受到惩罚。
3. as ... as
1) 第二个as在从句中作主语
He has as much money as is required. 他要多少钱就有多少钱。
2) 第二个as在从句中作宾语
I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一样多。
3) 第二个as在从句中作be动词的表语
As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。众所周知,台湾是中国的一个省。
二、than作为准关系词 出现在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等结构中。这时, than前面要有名词; than本身有比较意义,而且需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. than在从句中作主语
Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心，我的钱比所需要的还要多。
2. than在从句中作宾语
I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的书比你的多/少。
3. than在从句中作be动词的表语
He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一个比你更好的男孩。
三、but作为准关系词 本身含有否定意义,它前面的主句还有另一个否定意义。这时but在意义上相当于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。
1.定语从句中有be动词,并将其改为含but的复合句时, be动词后面不能再有not
There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 没有人不关心自己的未来?
2. 定语从句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助动词或情态动词,在将其改为含but的复合句时,这些助动词或情态动词后面不能再有not
There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 没有她做不到的事?
3. 定语从句中有助动词do, does, did, 在将其改为含but的复合句时,应去掉do, does, did, 还原其后动词的时态及人称变化
There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 谁都希望自己将来能有所成就。
四、which的先行词：关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子
He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明：关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
形容词的几个特殊用法：
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事，太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：(错） She sang lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly.
（对） Her singing was lovely. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能”
He is too young to go to school.
=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时，一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如：
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面，音节多的形容词放在后面。
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗？
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如：
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人，无论老少，都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家，无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
5.有少数形容词，如enough和possible，既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗？
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词，置于名词之前与之后，含义不尽相同。例如：
the writer present 出席的作者
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长，宽，高，深，及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时，在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
enough 修饰形容词和副词，位于其后。
He is old enough to join the army.
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词，疑问副词或不定代词后
what/who/where/when/when else
something/anything/nothing…else
What else did you do?
Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
实意动词使用方法：
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
实意动词的用法：
肯定句：
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句：
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式：
Did+主语+动词原型+其他
动名词的结构和形式：
动名词的否定结构：
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如：
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉，没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
（not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式）
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
（no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定）
动名词复合结构：
通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构，这种结构在句中可以作主语，宾语等。
（1）逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如：
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗？（宾语）
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗？（宾语）
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。（介词宾语）
（2）逻辑主语是无生命名词是，通常只用名词普通格。如：
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗？
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时，只用普通格。如：
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式（一般式，完成式和被动式）：
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如：
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息，母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了，请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。如：
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词与现在分词的关系：
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：
它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如：
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语，区别方法是：
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事，此时系动词相当于“是”，通常把主语和表语的位置互换，语法和意思不变，例如：
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质，不能与主语互换位置，例如：
The story is interesting .不可改为：Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词，两者的区别在于：
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途，而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较：
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”，即a boy who is swimming，现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作；
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”，即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”，即a child who is sleeping，现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态；
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”，即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
动名词用法口诀：
动名词常泛指，句法作用宾/表/定与主，时态/语态之形式，一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动，不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意，常用it作形式主语，不指未来发生事，表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清，作用相当一名词，检验方法很简单，主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩，表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂，关键留意谓语动词（跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后），时态同谓动作比较，先于谓动用完成式，其逻辑主语不固定，在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not，复合式其前加物主词，非句首宾格词也可用，尤其口语中更如此。
说明：1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词
动名词的用法：
一、动名词作主语
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如：
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如：
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如：
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸烟）
No parking. （禁止停车）
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构
(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走，说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
2.作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？
3.作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
| 时态、语态 | 主动 | 被动 |
| 一般式 | writing | being written |
| 完成式 having written |
having been written |
定语从句的分类：
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去;
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
1．由that引导的定语从句
一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如：
The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker．
正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。
Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？
这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？
The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father．
昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。
2．由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句
who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语。如：
This is the thief who stole my bike．这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find．他就是你想要找的那个男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
3．由which引导的定语从句
which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如：
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”．
妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum．
鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。
4．由where，when和why引导的定语从句
where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。如：
I will never forget the day when I joined the League．我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
He will go back to the school where he studied next week．下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin．我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。
［注意点］
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词常省去。如：
The play（which）I watched just now had been on twice on Channel
我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。
|
关系词 |
词形 |
所修饰的先行词 |
在从句中所作的成分 |
|
关系代词 |
who |
人 |
主语、宾语、表语 |
|
whom |
人 |
宾语 | |
|
which |
物 |
主语、宾语、表语 | |
|
that |
人或物 |
主语、宾语、表语 | |
|
as |
人或物 |
主语、宾语、表语 | |
|
whose=of whom/of=which |
人或物 |
定语 | |
|
关系副词 |
when |
时间词 |
时间状语 |
|
where |
地点词 |
地点状语 | |
|
why |
原因词 |
原因状语 |
关系代词的用法 ：
1. 关系代词的句法功能
(1)关系代词在句中作主语
例如：I prefer music that/which has great lyrics
(2) 关系代词在句中作宾语
例如：I like music that I can sing along with.
(3)关系代词在句中作表语
例如：The house is not the one (that) it used to be.
2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语
例如：Is she the teacher whose hair is very short?
3. 关系代词的用法
(1)who和whom的用法：二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，
whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语，而who则不能。
例如：
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party
in the shopping center yesterday.
(2)whose的用法：一般指人，有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。
例如：I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics.
(3)which的用法：一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。
例如：The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min.
(4)that的用法：指人或物，指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与that互换。
在从句中可作主语、宾语，还可作表语。
例如：It is a book (that/which) no one really likes.
4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时
例如：Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions.
(2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语
例如：The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
5. 在以下情况中，关系代词常用that
(1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。
例如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
(2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时，只能用that。
例如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
(3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。
例如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(4)先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用他和她，
例如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
6. 只能用which不能用that的情形
(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which
例如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
(2)关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which
例如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
(3)先行词本身就是that时
例如：I don’t like that which he did.
关系副词的用法
1. when的用法：它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
例如：Do you remember the time when she went abroad?
2. where的用法：它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。
例如：I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法：它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。
例如：Tell me the reason why she was late.
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