副词：
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序：程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词
1）表示发生时间的副词：
It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了！
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
 He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词：
1）有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词：
①用作介词：Stand up!  起立！
②用作副词：A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
3）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词： 
It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

副词的语法作用：
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。
He works hard. （作状语）
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. （作状语）
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? （作表语）
她在家吗?
Let's be out. （作表语）
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. （here作定语，hardly作状语）
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!（作补语）
让他出去！
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

不同类型副词的用法比较：
方式副词：
1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况：
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

程度副词和强调副词 ：
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”：   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗？
  [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
2）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰形容词等：
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
 b. 修饰比较级：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

疑问副词和连接副词：
1）疑问副词：疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？
2）连接副词：连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句）
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）

一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词：
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

副词的位置：
1、实义动词前，be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。

3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。

5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么？
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

6、否定副词在句首，句子要倒装，如：
Never have I felt so excited!
兼有两种形式的副词：
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

现在完成时:
过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式：
1. 否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't （hasn't）＋过去分词...”。
如：I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句：Have（Has）+主语+过去分词...？ 如：
—Have you finished the work？你已经做完这项工作了吗？
—Yes, I have. 是的，我已经做完了。（No, I haven't. 不，我还没有做完。）
3. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have（has）+主语+过去分词...？如：
How many times have you been to the Great Wall？你去过长城几次？
提示：肯定句中有some, already时，改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如：
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. （否定句）
→ Have you finished your homework yet? （一般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型：
①for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
现在完成时特点：
1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如：
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那；have/has gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不在这。
例如：
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet，但若already用于疑问句时，表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如：Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，
而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。
比较:
I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）

have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；
have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，
前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。
如：
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon）等，除非与for,since连用.

4.不能与when连用.

现在完成时的用法：
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：
-Have you had lunch yet?    
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如：
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等：
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.

5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：
already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），just,before,recently,still,lately,never等：
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。）
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此：
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：already，yet，before，recently等）、频度时间状语（如：never，ever，once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / month /year...，today等）连用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。）
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。
例如：
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语＋have / has been＋since短语
例如：He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了　　
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。　　
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to：去了没回
has been to ：去过
has been in：呆了很久

从属连词：
这种连词是用以引导名词性从句定语从句和状语从句的，由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。

从属连词可分为三大类：
1、that （无词义，不做成分）
if，whether （表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分）
2、连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever, whoever, whichever（有词义，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语）
3、连接副词：when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far，however，whenever，wherever （有词义，作从句的状语）

用法：
从结构上说，英语连接词分两大类：并列连词和从属连词。

并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如：
(1) Air and water are indispensable to me. 　　
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games. 　　
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy. 　　

从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如： 　　
(4) He said that he did not want to go . 　　
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him. 　　
(6) You may come if you want to. 　　

从属连词用来连接各种从句。
until(till)直到，在用until表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。
如动词是持续行动词，它要用肯定句，如：
I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.
如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如:
He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.
由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。
since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如:
I have studied English since 1990.
而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：
I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.

从属连词语法分类：

种类	语法作用	连词举例
从属连词	引导原因状语从句	Because, since
	引导条件状语从句	If, unless, as long as
	引导目的状语从句	So that
	引导结果状语从句	So…that
	引导方式状语从句	As, just as, as if
	引导让步状语从句	Though, although, even though, no matter what, however, no matter how, whoever, no matter who, wherever, no matter where
	引导比较状语从句	As…as, not so…as, than, less…than, the more…the more
	引导名词性从句	Who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why

宾语从句：
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
宾语从句连接代词主要有：
who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。

宾语从句的特点:
1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.

宾语从句的时态:
1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 

宾语从句的语序:
A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 　　
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. 　　
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 　　　
Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible. 　　
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.　 
C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. 　　
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. 
D.  主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. 　　
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner

宾语从句的否定转移:
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?

宾语从句中引导词的用法比较
在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词：who, whose, what ,which
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。

（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）
1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

2.在以下情况中that不能省略
a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

2.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句
a.在带to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
b.在介词的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接与or not连用时
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.

3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.

if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。）
e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

简化宾语从句常用六法：
方法一：
当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，
且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。
例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.

方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，
且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，
且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？
→Could you tell me how to get to the station？

方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，
如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy

状语从句：
指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。
从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
状语从句分类:
1、时间状语从句
常用引导词：
when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：
the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2、地点状语从句
常用引导词：
where
特殊引导词：
wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3、原因状语从句
常用引导词：
because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：
seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

4、目的状语从句
常用引导词：
so that, in order that
特殊引导词：
lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5、结果状语从句
常用引导词：
so that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：
such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6、条件状语从句
常用引导词：
if, unless,
特殊引导词：
as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7、让步状语从句
常用引导词：
though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won't listen whatever you may say.

8、比较状语从句
常用引导词：
as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：
the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。

9、方式状语从句
常用引导词：
as, as if, how
特殊引导词：
the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

状语从句用法:
时间状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
①.when引导的时间状语从句，其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词，也可以是瞬间性动作的动词，而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如：
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。（同时）
when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking.
当学生们听到老师的脚步声时，他们都停止了讲话。（从句动作发生在前）
② when还可表示just then（正在那时，突然）的意思，此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如：
we were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身，突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.
比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
(2) as引导的时间状语从句
as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的，而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生：
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.
她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes.
寒流一过，星期日就会有点暖意了。
(3) while引导的时间状语从句
while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”，其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的，并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如：
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.
当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work.
我可以边工作边学习。
(4) before引导的时间状语从句
① before“在……之前”
I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在我的导师出国之前，我已完成了我的学位论文。
I’ll be back before you have left.
你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“……之后才”
It may be many years before we meet again.
可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back.
他三天后才回来。
(5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词，其他连词还有once，directly，immediately，instantly，the instant (that)，the minute(that) ，the moment(that)等，它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如：
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们一到家，电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
老师一进来，大家就静了下来。
(6) hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句
关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”，它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如：
He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚一到家，就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
(7) since引导的时间状语从句
在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时，主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时：
We’ve never met since we graduated from the college.
大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走了以后，这里发生了巨大变化。
(8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义，作“直到……时(为止)”解，till多用于非正式文体，until多用于句首。如：
Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework.
等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
(9) whenever/each time/every time引导的时间状语从句
whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当；每次”解，each time和every time与whenever同义，通常可以与它换用。如：
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。
Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together，heat is produced.
某些化学物质被混到一起时，就会产生热。
Whenever/ Every time/ Each time I met her, she was studying.
我每次看见她时，她总是在学习。

状语从句 - 地点状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
从属连词where“在（或到）……的地方”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.
把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中，除指地点外，还可指处境等。如：
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如：
Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的短语填空，必要的地方可以改变其形式。
Avoid structure of this kind where possible.
只要可能，就要避免这种结构。
(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句
从属连词wherever“在（或到）……的各个地方”：
You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.
专家每到一处， 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。

状语从句 - 原因状语从句
 (1) because引导的原因状语从句
because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句，其所引导的从句，为全句句意的中心所在。
通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强，除特别强调外，该从句一般位于主句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it.
我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
(2) as引导的原因状语从句
as引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息，从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和since换用。如：
As I didn’t know the way，I asked a policeman.
我不认识路，因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
由于在下雪，我们不去爬山了。
(3) since引导的原因状语从句
since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息，从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和as换用。如：
Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.
既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ，I’ll ask someone else.
你既然不帮我，那我就请别人帮忙。
(4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句
now(that)“因为；既然”，通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去，用来表示一种新的情况，再加以推论。如：
Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格，就可以独自开车了。
I do remember，now (that) you mention it.
你这一提，我倒的确想起来了。
(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句
Seeing (that)“鉴于；由于”，通常用于非正式文体。如：
Seeing (that) the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home.
天气不好，我们还是呆在家里吧。
Seeing that he’ s ill，he’s unlikely to come.
(6) in that引导的原因状语从句
in that“因为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用，多用于正式文体，它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如：
Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.
我的处境有点难堪，因为他要十号才来。

状语从句 - 目的状语从句
 (1) in order that引导的目的状语从句
in order that“为了；以便”。多用于正式文体，通常可以与so that换用。如：
You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
他们在杭州停了下来，以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
专家讲得很慢，以便人人听得懂。
(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句
so that“为了；以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用，它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后，在非正式文体中，常省略that。如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.
她要七点钟备好茶点，这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
(3) in case/for fear (that)/lest等引导的目的状语从句
in case，for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的，意思是“以免”,“以防”。
in case多用于英国英语，它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式，也可以是虚拟语气形式；
for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may，might，should等情态动词；
lest用于正式文体，它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如：
Take your umbrella with you，lest it should rain.
带上你的伞，以防下雨。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带上你的伞，以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.
他带了一把伞，以防下雨。
状语从句 - 结果状语从句
(1) so that引导的结果状语从句
① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后，中间可以有逗号。如：
Suddenly it began to rain heavily，so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
突然下起了大雨，几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.
琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。
②“so that”既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。
究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目的状语从句，除了根据句意来判断外，还可根据结构形式来加以判断。
若从句前有逗号，一般为结果状语从句，如果从句中有情态动词，通常则为目的状语从句。如：
They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train.
他们早早就出发了，所以没误火车。(结果状语从句)
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.
他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句)
(2) so...that引导的结果状语从句
so...that“如此……以致”，that在非正式文体中可以省略，so后面接形容词或副词。如：
She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.
现在剩下的时间不多了，我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(3) such...that引导的结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容是：such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。
其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数，也可以是不可数名词。
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如：
The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快，不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed．
(＝The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)
教授讲了个很有趣的故事，(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
(4) such that引导的结果状语从句
such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体，主句为“主—系—表”句型。如：
The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows.
爆炸的力量很大，所有的窗户都被炸掉了。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他气得不能克制自己的感情。

状语从句 - 条件状语从句 
(1) if引导的条件状语从句
if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如：
If he said that，he can’t be telling the truth.
如果他说了那样的话，他不可能是说实话。
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句
unless引导的是否定条件状语从句，在意义上相当于if...not，而且语气较强，一般不用于虚拟语气。如：
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
你会迟到的，如果不赶快的话。
(3) if only引导的条件状语从句
if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要；如果”。如:
I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.
只要你把车保养好，我就让你用。
(4) as/so long as引导的条件状语从句
as/so long as意为“只要；如果”。如：
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
只要不下雨我们就能玩。
(5) provided (that)/providing (that)引导的条件状语从句
provided (that)/providing (that)意为“如果；只要”。如：
I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.)
假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret.
状语从句 - 让步状语从句
(1) although/though引导的让步状语从句
although和though，都作“虽然；尽管”解，通常可以换用，although的语气较重。
如果要强调“但是”语气，可使用yet，still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。
Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him.
虽然和她谈了半天，他还是不能让她信任自己。
(2) even if引导的让步状语从句
even if “即使，纵然”，从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如：
Even if it rains tomorrow，we won’t change our plan.
即使明天下雨，我们也决不改变计划。
Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment.
即使我再次失败，我也决不会放弃实验。
(3) even though引导的让步状语从句
even though“虽然，尽管”，从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况，通常可以和although/though换用。如：
Even though I didn’t understand a word，I kept smiling.
即使我一个字也不懂，我还是保持微笑。
Even though you say so，I do not believe it.
即使你这样说，我也不信。
(4) much as引导的让步状语从句
much as“虽然，尽管”，通常可以和although/though换用：
Much as I’d like to，I can’t come.
我虽然很想来，但是来不了。
Much as I admire his courage，I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气，但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
(5) while引导的让步状语从句
while“虽然，尽管”，多用于正式文体，通常可换作although/though。如：
While I understand your point of view，I do not share it.
我虽了解你的观点，但不敢苟同。
While I sympathize，I really can’t do very much to help.
虽然我很同情，但我确实帮不了什么忙。
(6) whatever/No matter what引导的让步状语从句
whatever和no matter what用法相同，都作“无论什么”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Whatever/No matter what he says，don’t go.
不管他说什么，你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task，whatever/no matter what happens.
不管发生什么了，我们决心完成任务。
(7) whichever/no matter which引导的让步状语从句
whichever和no matter which用法相同，都作“无论哪个”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Whichever/No matter which you buy， there is a six-month guarantee.
不论你买哪个，都有六个月的保修期。
Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was determined to find them.
不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包，芭芭拉决心找到他们。
(8) whoever/no matter who引导的让步状语从句
whoever和no matter who用法相同，都作“无论谁”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
You can’t come in， whoever you are.
不管你是谁，都不能进来。
Whoever/No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy.
不管谁要我接电话， 就说我现在正忙着呢。
(9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句
wherever和no matter where用法相同，都作“无论在（或到）哪里”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Wherever/No matter where you go, I’m Right Here Waiting fo ryou.
无论你到哪里，我都依然在这里等着你。
(10) however/no matter how引导的让步状语从句
however和no matter how用法相同，都作“无论如何……”解，后者多用于非正式文体。
However much you regret doing that， there is nothing you can do about it now.
无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事，现在也无济于事了。
However high it may be，it can’t reach the sky.
它不论有多高，也高不到天上去。
(11) whenever/no matter when引导的让步状语从句
whenever和no matter when用法相同，都作“无论何时”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Whenever I’m unhappy，he cheers me up.
每当我不高兴时，他就给我鼓劲儿。
(12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句
whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同，都作“不论……还是”解，后者的语气强一些。如：
When It Rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.
无论下不下雨，我们星期天一定踢足球。
(13) as引导的让步状语从句
as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然；尽管”和“即使”解，但是它不位于句首，在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如：
Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it.
虽然你可能很有力气，你却无法把它提起来。
Late as it was, they continued to study.
时间尽管不早了，他们仍继续学习。

状语从句 - 方式状语从句
(1) as引导的方式状语从句
as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式；如同……那样”，从句有时是省略句。如：
Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
(2) as if/as though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though的用法相同，都作“好像，仿佛”解。如：
二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。
但也可用陈述语气，表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如：
They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad.
他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。
They look as if/as though they know each other.
他们看来好像互相认识。

状语从句 - 比较状语从句
(1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句
as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
We were as fortunate as them (they were)
我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
(2) not so/as...as 引导的比较状语从句
not so/as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
That’s not so/as simple as it sounds.
那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
(3) than引导的比较状语从句
than引导的比较状语从句表示同等比较，主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
He has lived here longer than I(has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
They love the girl than(they love) him.
他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。
(4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。

疑问词组:
即使由疑问词和一些词一起构成的表示疑问的词组。由how/what与另外一个词组成的词组。
例如：
how many (后接可数名词，多少), how much (后接不可数名词，多少), 
how often (表示频率), what if (如果…将会怎么样), 
what about (…怎么样), what time (几点)

与how搭配的疑问词组：
How在英语中通常用作副词，是特殊疑问句中本领最大的疑问词。他与其它形容词或副词搭配组成疑问词组
1．How old问年龄、年代。
How old is your friend? 你朋友多大了？
How old is the bridge? 这座桥有多少年代了？
2．How many问可数名词数量。常将可数名词复数紧随其后。如：
How many pictures are there on the wall? 墙上有多少幅画？
How many glasses of milk would you like? 你们想要几杯牛奶？
3．How much询问不可数名词的数量、物品的价格。
How much money is there in the purse? 钱包里有多少钱？
How much are the apples at the moment? 目前苹果什么价钱？
4．How long提问物体的长度、时间的长短。
How long is the Changjia River? 长江有多长？
How long does it take you to do your homework every day?
你每天花多长时间做作业？
5．How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问， 表示“多久之后”。
How soon will you be back? 你多久后回来？
6．How often对表示频率的副词或短语提问。
How often does Mrs. Green go shopping? 格林夫人多久去购一次物？
7．How about用来征求对方意见。
Your father is a worker, how about your mother? 你父亲是工人，你母亲呢？
How about playing games after school this afternoon? 下午放学后做游戏怎么样？
8．How far 问两地间的距离How tall问人（树）的高度；how heavy问重量；how wide问宽；how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度。
How far is it from the earth to the moon? 从地球到月球有多远？
How tall is Yao Ming? 姚明身高多少？
How heavy is that big box? 那只大箱子有多重？
How wide is the new street? 这条新街有多宽？
How high is the tower in Paris? 巴黎的那座塔有多高？

与what搭配的疑问词组:

疑问词	意思	用法	例句
what	什么	用来问是什么，叫什么，做什么等	1. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？ 2.What’s your father? 你爸爸是干什么的？ 3.what is in your box? 你的盒子里是什么？
what time	什么时间	用来问时间	1.What time is it?  几点了？ 2.What time is it now? 现在几点了？
what colour	什么颜色	用来问颜色	1.waht colour is your bag? 你的书包是什么颜色？ 2.what colour is your book? 你的书本是什么颜色？
what about	怎么样	用来征求意见或询问感受等， 大多用于承接上面的同样问题	1.what bout this pair of shoes?这双鞋子怎么样？ 2.what about you? 你呢？ 3.what about your dad? 你爸爸呢？
what day	星期几	用来问星期几	1.what day is it today? 今天星期几？ 2. what day was yesterday? 昨天星期几？
what date	什么日期	问具体的日期	1．What’s the date today? 今天是几号？ 2. what date is tomorrow? 明天是几号？
what...for...	为何目的	用来问目的，在一定情况下只可以与why互换	What did you buy that for? 你为什么要买那个？