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  • 完形填空
    阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
    ［1］Losing weight is hard enough. Keeping it off is even harder. Now a new study by researchers at Penn State suggests that the techniques that work for losing weight aren’t necessarily the same as those that help keep you slim.
    [2]First the researchers surveyed over 1,100 people who had achieved significant weight loss and maintained it. The researchers identified 36 weight-loss and weight-maintenance practices that at least10% of the group used.
    [3]Then the researchers conducted a national telephone survey of overweight people who had tried to lose weight and keep it off with different success: about 11% reported successfully losing weight, and 21% were able to maintain that loss for at least a year.
    [4]The survey found people who        did so by participating in weight loss programs, cutting back on sugar, eating healthy snacks, not skipping meals and participating in different types of exercise.
    [5]Still, say many nutrition and obesity experts. The basic principles of weight loss and maintenance are the same; you have to eat a healthy diet and increase your exercise. People who lose weight and keep it off tend to eat significantly healthier foods and do a lot more exercise than the average American.
    [6]But what may maintain between weight-loss and maintenance is a person’s attitude; rather than focusing on actively losing weight in the short term. People have to start focusing on long-term, permanent lifestyle changes and behaviors, if they want to maintain the weight that’s been lost. The key to success, experts agree, is motivation, not necessarily the particulars of your weight-loss program.
    小题1:What is the main idea of the text? (no more than 8 words)
                                                                                  
    小题2:Complete the following statement with words from the text. (no more than 5 words)
    If people want to keep           , they have to pay attention to the lifestyle changes and the behaviors.
    小题3:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)
                                                                                 
    小题4:What do experts say about weight loss and maintenance? (no more than 10 words)
                                                                                 
    小题5:What does the word “those” (line 2, paragraph 1) refer to?   (no more than 3 words)
                                                                                 

    本题信息：英语完形填空难度容易 来源:未知
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本试题 “阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的词数要求）。［1］Losing weight is hard enough. Keeping it off is even harde...” 主要考查您对

缩写与简写

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  • 缩写与简写

缩写与简写的概念：

用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
如：Foreign Language Teaching Agency→FLTA上海外教网
        Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
        Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL
        Teach English as a Second Language→TESL
        Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试


缩写的几种类型：

1、单词缩写应省略在辅音之后，元音之前：
英文单词缩写一般以辅音结尾，而不以元音结尾。如American省略为Am，而不省略为Ame或Amer，Medicine或Medical缩写为Med，European缩写为Eur等。但Science例外，缩写为Sci，可能是因为元音I之后又是元音E的缘故。缩写刊名每个词首字母必须大写，而不可全部都用大写或小写。
2、压缩字母法：
仅个别单词采用压缩字母方式缩写。
如：Japanese缩写为Jpn而不是Jan
        National应缩写为Natl而不是Nat
经常有读者将Japanese写成Jan是参考文献著录中常见的错误。
如：Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology，应缩写为JpnJOphthalmol，National Cancer Institute Research Report缩写为NatlCancerInstResRep。而Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写，如：NatureMedicine, Naturebiotechnology分别缩写为NatMed, NatBiotechnol。
另外CN是中国的国别代码，期刊缩写刊名中，ChinaChinese不得缩写为CN，而应缩写为Chin.采用压缩写法是为了避免与其他常用缩写混淆。
如：Japanese不能缩写为Jan,可能是Jan是January的固定缩写形式，National缩写为Natl而不缩写为Nat,可能是Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写。
3、学科名称缩写：
刊名中学科名称缩写很常见，因而了解学科名缩写规则非常必要。凡以-ogy结尾的单词，一律将词尾-ogy去掉，如Cardiology缩写为Cariol，Biology缩写为Biol,以-ics结尾的学科名词，缩写时将-ics或连同其前面若干字母略去。如：Physics缩写为Phys。以-try结尾的词，缩写时将-try连同前面若干字母略去。如：chemistry缩写为Chem。其中也包括其他形容词的缩写。
4、刊名中常用词和特殊单词的缩写：
期刊名中有些常用单词可以缩写为一个字母。
如：Journal缩写为J
        Quarterly缩写为Q
        Royal缩写为R
        New缩写为N
        South缩写为S
5、刊名首字母组合：
有些杂志名称缩写采用首字母组合，而且已被固定下来，一般都是国际上有较大影响的期刊，并得到国际上众多索引性检索工具的认同。
如：The Journal of American Medical Association缩写为JAMA， British Medical Journal缩写为BMJ等。
6、国家名称的缩写：
刊名中国家名称的缩写分为两种情况。如国家名称为单个词汇，缩写时常略去词尾或词的后部分若干字母。
如：American缩写为Am
        British缩写为Br
        Chinese缩写为Chin
而国家名称由多个词组组成时，常取每个词的首字母，如United States of America 缩写为USA或US。
7、虚词一律省略：
有许多虚词，如the, of, for, and, on, from, to等，在缩写时均省去。
如：Journal of chemistry缩写为J chem
       Archives of Medical Research缩写为Arch Med Res


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