过去分词的概念：

过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。即：动词原形加-ed构成。
如：fallen leaves 落叶 
        boiled water 开水
        I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。

过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别：

两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。
如：Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 
        Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：
如：Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。

过去分词的句法功能：

1、作定语：
如：I don't like the book written by Martin.
       Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 
注意：当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语：
如：They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
        The window is broken. 窗户破了。
        They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别：The window is broken.（系表）
            The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。
如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语：
如：I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
如：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语：
如：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.  受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
        Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
        Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件） 
        Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.  虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步） 
        Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
如：All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
        The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。

现在分词与过去分词的区别：

1、分词作表语：
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is in terestedi n...，若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有：
interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的 
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的 
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如：Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
        The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 
        The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语)
        We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)

2、分词作定语：
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
如：He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
        The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
        The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。
        He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,  returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

3、分词作状语：
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
如：He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
        Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
        Smiling, they came in.
2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如：Cleaned, the room looks nice.
        Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.  如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
        Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。

一般过去时的概念：

一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。

一般过去时的用法：　　

1、表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去时间的副词如：yesterday，last week，two hours ago等连用。　　
如：My family moved here five years ago. 我家五年前搬到了这里。　　
        I was born in 1973. 我生于1973年。　　
2、表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如：often，usually，always等连用。　　
如：He always worked in tonight those days. 那些日子他总是工作到深夜。　　
        I often left on business in 1987. 1987年我经常出差。　　
注：表示“过去经常，而今不再”时，要用usedto.
如：I used to read newspaper after breakfast. 我过去经常早饭后看报纸。（意指现在已不是这样）　　 
The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。　　
3、表示过去发生的一连串动作。　　
如：He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door. 他放下这沉重的箱子，掏出钥匙开了房门。　　
注：过去发生的一连串动作，若用and，or，but等并列连词连接，则一律用过去式。　　
如：They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have  supper. 他们把椅子搬到桌边，坐下开始吃饭。　　
4、在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。　　
如：He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information. 他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。　　       
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained. 玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。

一般过去时的特别用法：

1、句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　"到……时间了"　"该……了"。
例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。　 
            It is time that sb.did sth. "时间已迟了"　"早该……了"。
例如：It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。　　
2、would（had）rather sb.did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow. 还是明天来吧。
3、wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）　　
            Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）　　
            Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）　　    
            Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。
例如：Did you want any thing else? 您还要些什么吗？　　　
            I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词could, would。
例如：Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？

现在进行时的被动语态：

现在进行时的被动语态表示现在进行时态和被动语态的叠合，由am/is/are+being+done构成。

现在进行时态的被动语态的基本结构的构成：

1、现在进行时态的被动语态的肯定式为：am/is/are+being+done。
如：The question is being discussed at the meeting now. 这个问题现在正在会上被讨论。 
        Another bridge is being built over the Changjiang River at present. 目前长江上正在建造另一座大桥。
2、现在进行时态的被动语态的否定式为：am/is/are+not+being+done。
如：The baby isn't being taken good care of. 这婴儿没在得到很好的照顾。
        The animals are not being set free at present.目前这些动物还不能被放出。
3、现在进行时态的被动语态的一般疑问句需将am/is/are提到主语的前面。（回答用yes或no）
如：—Is a new library being put up in their school now？他们学校现在正在建一座新图书馆吗？
        —Yes, it is. 是，正在建一座新图书馆 
        —Are a number of Dongfeng trucks being shipped abroad? 一批东风卡车正被运往国外吗？
        —No, they aren't. 不，没有。
4、现在进行时态的被动语态的特殊疑问句为：疑问词+am/is/are+(主语)+being+done。
如：What is being done to the machine? 现在对这台机器要采取什么措施？
        How many houses are being built in the village? 村里正在建造多少房屋？ 
        When is the sports meeting being held in our school. 我校将在什么时候举行运动会？

现在进行时态的被动语态的用法：

1、现在进行时态的被动语态的同它的主动语态一样，表示现在正在进行的被动动作。
如：He is being interviewed by our headmaster now. 他正在接受我们校长的采访。
        This film is being shown now. 这部电影正在被放映。
2、现在进行时态的被动语态的同它的主动语态一样，表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作。
如：The disease is being studied by scientists. 科学家们正在研究这种疾病。 
        These animals are being hunted at such a speed that they will disappear soon.
        以如此速度捕杀动物，他们很快就会消失。
3、现在进行时态的被动语态一般不与表示一段时间的状语或表示次数的状语连用，这时需要用完成时态的被动语态。
例如：The watch is being repaired twice.
改成：The watch has been reparied twice.
            The house over there is being built for two months.
改成：The house over there has been built for two months.
4、少数及物动词的的进行时表示按计划、安排将要承受某个动作。
如：Some rock music is being played by the mnext. 下面将由他们演奏一些摇滚音乐。
        A party is being held tonight. 今晚将举办一场晚会。
5、典型错误：
1）遗漏助动词：
【误】The birds being set free at present.
【正】The birds are being set free at present.
2）遗漏介词：
【误】The children are being taken care by their aunt.
【正】The children are being taken care of by their aunt.
3）忽略动词的性质：
【误】The kind of cloth is being washed well.
【正】The kind of cloth washes well.
注：表示某种情况，状态或特点的动词，一般不用于被动语态。

主谓一致的概念：

谓语的数必须和主语的人称和数保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。

主谓一致的基本原则：

1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
例如：The students are very young.
            This picture looks beautiful.
2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；
而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。
例如：The people in that country are fighting for independence.
            The crowd deeply respect their leader. 
            Three years in a strange land seems a long time.
3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
例如：Neither hen or I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy.

几对容易混淆词组的一致用法：

1、由“this／thatkind／typeof+名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由"these／thosekind／typeof+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：This kind of apples is highly priced.
            Those kind(s) of tests are good.
2、由“a number of，a totalo f，an average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
例如：A number of students are waiting for the bus.
            The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.
3、one of，the(only) one of的一致用法
例如：This is one of the books that have been recommended.
            This is the(only) one of the books that has been recommended.

 主谓一致用法点拨：

1、并列结构作主语谓语用复数：
如：Reading and writing are very important.
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题：
The League secretary and monitor___asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案：B.
注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A、C本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

2、主谓一致中的靠近原则：
1）当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
            There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either…or…与neither…nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
例如：Either you or she is to go. 
            Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致：
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 
            He as well as I wants to go boating.

4、谓语需用单数：
1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。
例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder. 
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
            Ten yuan is enough.

5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数：
1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
例如：All is right. (一切顺利。)
            All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。
例如：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
例如：His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
            His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
例如：Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of+名词复数+复数动词。 The number of+名词复数+单数动词。
例如：A number of books have lent out.
            The majority of the students like English.

6、与后接名词或代词保持一致：
1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
例如：Most of his money is spent on books.
            Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2）在一些短语，如many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。
但由more than…of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
例如：Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
            More than 60percent of the students are from the city. 百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市

主谓一致知识体系：

主谓一致用法拓展：

1）当everyone，everybody，noone，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。
例如：If anybody calls, tell him that I'm out.
            Something strange happened, didn't it? 
2）人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I(me)，he(him)，she(her)，it(it) 都是代替前面的单数名词，而they(them)，we(us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。
例如：If a young person enters a classical music field only for money, he is in the wrong profession. 
3）物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。
例如：The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut.
4）反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。
例如：Many primitive people believed that by eating ananimal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
5）指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。
例如：She invited all those who had been her former colleagues.
6）much和muchof后接不可数名词，而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。
例如：There is not much coal left.
            A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake.
7）表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。
接可数名词的有：a number of，a rangeof，a series of十复数名词；
接不可数名词的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可数名词；
既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a variety of。
例如：1.The government attached a great deal of importance to education.
            2.Quiteanumberofwomenappliedforthisjob.
            3.The college library has avariety of books.
            4.An apple is avariety off ruit.