强调句的概念：

强调句 (The Emphatic Pattern) 是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。英语常用的强调结构有：It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+that/who...；what…be…句型；

强调句的使用:

一、强调句句型：
1、用It is／was...that／who...句型表示强调。
（1）陈述句的强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
（2）一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
（3）特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分？
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
注：被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语）放在is／was的后面，如被强调的是人，则后面可用who，whom等代替。
如：原句：He met an old friend in the park yesterday.  
        强调主语：It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
        强调宾语：It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. 
        强调地点状语：It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. 
        强调时间状语：It was yesterday that he met an old friend in the park.
2、用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。
如：Do come early. 
        He did send you a letter last week.
        We're pleased that she does intend to come.
3、用主语从句+be+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。
如：What John wants is a ball.
        What Mary does every day is(to) give piano lessons.  

二、not...until...句型的强调句：
1、句型为：It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其它部分：
e.g. 普通句：He didn't go to bed until/till his wife came back. 
       强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；
因为句型中It is/was not...已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

三、谓语动词的强调：
1、It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does或did。
e.g. Do sit down.务必请坐。
      He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
      Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。 

使用强调句型有以下几点请注意：

①强调句的谓语is或was永远用单数。
如：It was yesterday that I met your father in the street.
②不管被强调部分是哪种状语，只能用that连接，不得使用where、when等连词。
如：It was in the street that I met your father yesterday.
③被强调部分为人时，可用who(主格或宾格)和whom(宾格)代替that，用that也行。
如：It was your father that/whom/who I met in the street yesterday.
        It was I that/who met your father in the street yesterday.
④强调句中也要注意主谓一致、人称一致和否定转移的问题。
如：It is they who are our friends.
        It was not until ten o'clock that we got home last night.
⑤注意不要混淆强调句和其他从句。It is/was...that...为强调句标志，去掉后仍可组成一个完整的句子，只是没被强调，而其他从句一般不具备这一特征。
比较：1）It was ten o'clock when we got home last night. 我们昨晚到家时已十点了。
            2）It was at ten o'clock that we got home last night. 我们昨晚是在十点到家的。
第一句不是强调句，when不可改为that，因为去掉it was和that后，只能组成“We got home ten o'clock last night.”这样一个不完整的句子；第二句是强调句，that不可改为when。

强调句型用法拓展：

1、句首词用“It”，不能用“This”，“That”等。
2、be动词的形式是is或was，不能用复数形式are或were。若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时，则用is；
若原句的谓语动词用了过去时或过去完成时，则用was。
如：It___the Chinese women that___a great role in the socialist construction.
A. is; plays
B. are; play
C .is; play
D. are; plays
答案：C 
3、被强调的部分如果是代词，强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格。
如：It is him that/who/whom I met in the street yesterday.
        It is I who/that am wrong.
4、连接词一般用that，当强调部分是人时，既可用that也可用who。特别注意当强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时，不能用when或where。
如：It was on Oct1st, 1949 that People's Republic of China was founded.
        It was at the gate____he told me the news.　　
        A. that
        B. what
        C. which
        D. when
答案：A
5、主谓一致问题被强调的主语要和that后面的谓语动词在数上保持一致。
如：It is Mary who often _____(help) me with my English. （helps）
        It is I that ____(be) against you. （am）
6、not...until结构的强调。
强调“not...until”引导的时间状语时，要用“it is/was not until...that...”结构，that后面的句子要用肯定式，且须用陈述句语序。 
如：We did not get off the bus until it stopped. ?
        It was not until it stopped that we got off the bus. (注意：强调该结构时not until不能分开)

主谓一致的概念：

谓语的数必须和主语的人称和数保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。

主谓一致的基本原则：

1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
例如：The students are very young.
            This picture looks beautiful.
2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；
而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。
例如：The people in that country are fighting for independence.
            The crowd deeply respect their leader. 
            Three years in a strange land seems a long time.
3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
例如：Neither hen or I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy.

几对容易混淆词组的一致用法：

1、由“this／thatkind／typeof+名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由"these／thosekind／typeof+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：This kind of apples is highly priced.
            Those kind(s) of tests are good.
2、由“a number of，a totalo f，an average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
例如：A number of students are waiting for the bus.
            The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.
3、one of，the(only) one of的一致用法
例如：This is one of the books that have been recommended.
            This is the(only) one of the books that has been recommended.

 主谓一致用法点拨：

1、并列结构作主语谓语用复数：
如：Reading and writing are very important.
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题：
The League secretary and monitor___asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案：B.
注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A、C本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

2、主谓一致中的靠近原则：
1）当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
            There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either…or…与neither…nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
例如：Either you or she is to go. 
            Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致：
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 
            He as well as I wants to go boating.

4、谓语需用单数：
1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。
例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder. 
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
            Ten yuan is enough.

5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数：
1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
例如：All is right. (一切顺利。)
            All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。
例如：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
例如：His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
            His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
例如：Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of+名词复数+复数动词。 The number of+名词复数+单数动词。
例如：A number of books have lent out.
            The majority of the students like English.

6、与后接名词或代词保持一致：
1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
例如：Most of his money is spent on books.
            Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2）在一些短语，如many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。
但由more than…of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
例如：Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
            More than 60percent of the students are from the city. 百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市

主谓一致知识体系：

主谓一致用法拓展：

1）当everyone，everybody，noone，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。
例如：If anybody calls, tell him that I'm out.
            Something strange happened, didn't it? 
2）人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I(me)，he(him)，she(her)，it(it) 都是代替前面的单数名词，而they(them)，we(us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。
例如：If a young person enters a classical music field only for money, he is in the wrong profession. 
3）物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。
例如：The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut.
4）反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。
例如：Many primitive people believed that by eating ananimal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
5）指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。
例如：She invited all those who had been her former colleagues.
6）much和muchof后接不可数名词，而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。
例如：There is not much coal left.
            A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake.
7）表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。
接可数名词的有：a number of，a rangeof，a series of十复数名词；
接不可数名词的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可数名词；
既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a variety of。
例如：1.The government attached a great deal of importance to education.
            2.Quiteanumberofwomenappliedforthisjob.
            3.The college library has avariety of books.
            4.An apple is avariety off ruit.