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高中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    About four year ago, famed Chinese cross talk master Ma Ji passed away in Beijing, and a lot of people went
    to the memorial meeting, Feng Gong _____.
    [     ]

    A. includes
    B. including
    C. included
    D. being included
    本题信息:2011年广西自治区模拟题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
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本试题 “About four year ago, famed Chinese cross talk master Ma Ji passed away in Beijing, and a lot of people wentto the memorial meeting, Feng Gong _____...” 主要考查您对

过去分词

独立主格结构

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 过去分词
  • 独立主格结构

过去分词的概念:

过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。即:动词原形加-ed构成。
如:fallen leaves 落叶 
        boiled water 开水
        I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。


过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别:

两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同,但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。
如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:
如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。


过去分词的句法功能:

1、作定语:
如:I don't like the book written by Martin.
       Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 
注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语:
如:They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
        The window is broken. 窗户破了。
        They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别:The window is broken.(系表)
            The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。
如:boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语:
如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语:
如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
        Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
        Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件) 
        Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.  虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步) 
        Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。
        The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他开始撒种子。


现在分词与过去分词的区别:

1、分词作表语:
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有:
interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的 
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的 
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
        The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 
        The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语)
        We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)

2、分词作定语:
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
如:He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
        The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
        The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。
        He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,  returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

3、分词作状语:
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
        Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
        Smiling, they came in.
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如:Cleaned, the room looks nice.
        Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.  如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
        Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。


独立主格结构的概念:

独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

独立主格结构基本构成形式

   名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语) 
1)名词(代词)+现在分词
   Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
   黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
   There being no bus, we had to walk home.
   由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2)名词(代词)+过去分词
   The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
   由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
   He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.  
   他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3)名词(代词)+不定式
   在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的
   主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
   The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
   我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
   Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
   beautiful.
   种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4)名词(代词)+形容词
   The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
   特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
   Computers very small, we can use them widely.
   电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5)名词(代词)+副词
   The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
   散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 
   The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
   灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6)名词(代词)+名词
   His first shot failure,he fired again.
   他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
   Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
   两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
7)名词(代词) +介词短语
   He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
   他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。
   Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood
   on her back.
   每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。


with,without 引导的独立主格结构:

   with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定
   要用宾格
   上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
   The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
   小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)
   Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
   她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)
   The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
   有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)
   The boy was walking, with his father ahead.  
   父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
   He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
   他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)
   With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
   由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)
   在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。

独立主格结构的句法功能:
 
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。
1)作时间状语
   My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft
   tatami matting.
   我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
   The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.
   总督思考问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2)作条件状语
   Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
   如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
   Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
   如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。
3)作原因状语
  The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
  由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
   There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
   没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。
4)作伴随状语或补充说明
   I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people
   falling back respectfully on either side.
   我拿着车票还有我的奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。
   Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
   十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5)作定语,独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
   He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
   他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
   He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
   他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
   Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
   靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。

独立主格结构比较:

一、独立结构在句中的作用:

1、时间状语:
如:The test finished, we began our holiday. (=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.)
2、条件状语:
如:Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.)
3、原因状语:
如:The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working. (=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.)
4、伴随状语:
如:He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. (=He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)

二、其它形式的独立结构

1、在以上所讲的独立结构前加with,这种结构在句中可作:
1)伴随状语:
如:With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.
        The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).
        He used to sleep with the window open. 
2)原因状语:
如:He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
        With Tom away, we have got more room. 
3)时间状语:
如:With everything well arranged, he left his office.

三、It形式的独立结构
(表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等):
如:It being Monday, the library is closed.
        It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.

四、倒装结构
:(即在独立结构中,逻辑主语在后)
1)there be形式:
如:There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.
2)such形式:
如:Such being the case, she had nothing to say.
3)介词短语形式:
如:In the sand being the mark of a man's foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.


独立主格结构注意事项:

1)独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
如:The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2)动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
如:The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的时间)
如:The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束)
        The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)
3)独立主格结构介词使用的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with的复合结构不受此限制。
如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。     
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
如:He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。
4)独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking(总的说来),Frankly speaking(坦率地说),Judging from (从……判断),Supposing(假设),等等。
如:Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
        Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest(老实说),to be sure(确实),to tell you the truth(说实话),to cut a long story short(长话短说),to be frank(坦率地说),to make matters/things worse(更糟糕的是),等等。
如:To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
        To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
       情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5)独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
如:If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.  如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
       When we see from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
如:Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen)