关系副词的概念：

关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用，在不及物动词的连接中要求用关系副词。关系副词有when, where, why。

关系副词的特点：

关于副词用于引出定语从句，主要有when, where, why：
如：Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。 
        That's the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。 
        Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗？
注：关系副词用于引出定语从句，且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因。

使用关系副词应注意的几点：

（1）how不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于theway后表示方式：他说话就是那个样子。
误：This is the way how he spoke.
正：This is how he spoke./ This is the way（that, in which）he spoke.
（2）关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，但why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句（若引导非限制性定语从句，可用for which reason）。
（3）引导定语从句时，when的先行词为时间，where的先行词为地点，why的先行词为原因（主要是the reason），但是反过来却不一定：
如：Don't forget the time(that) I've toldyou.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。
        Do you know the house(that) he bought recently? 你知道他最近买的那座房子吗？
        Please tell me there as on(that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。

关系副词的用法：

关系副词有when, where, why，作用有三个：
1、连接主句与从句；
2、代替先行词；
3、在从句中作状语，不可省略。
When和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。Why只能引导限制性定语从句。这些关系副词在意义上都相当于一定得“介词+which”结构。
1）when=at/in/on/during，在定语从句中作时间状语。
例如：Tell me the time when(at which) the train leaves.
注意：
①当表示时间的先行词在从句中中作主语或宾语时，不能用when。
例如：I will never forget the days I spent with your family. 
②It/This/That+be+the first/second/last time that…句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用 when代替，that还可以省略。从句中使用与“be动词”呼应的完成形式。
例如：It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall.
2）where表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它在定语从句中作地点状语。
例如：This is the second school where I used to teach.
注意：
①引导词where可用that替换，并经常可以省略。
例如：That's the place(where/that) we went before.
②当表示地点的先行词在句中作主语或宾语时，不用where，用关系代词that或which。
例如：The factory that/which we visited yesterday was built last year.
③where可与from连用。
例如：His head soon appeared out of the second story windows, from where he could see nothing but rees.
3）why表原因，引导的从句修饰名词reason。Why可用that或forwhich替换或省略。
例如：I don't know the reason(why/for which/that) he left here.

副词的概念：

副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

副词的位置：

1）在动词之前。
2）在be动词、助动词之后。
3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
如：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。
如：He speaks English well.

副词的排列顺序：

1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
如：Please write slowly and carefully.
3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错）I very like English.
            （对）I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
如：I don't know him well enough. 
        There is enough food for everyone to eat.
        There is food enough for everyone to eat.

兼有两种形式的副词：

1）close与closely：
      close意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”。
      如： He is sitting close to me.
               Watch him closely.
2）late与lately：
      late意思是"晚"；lately意思是“最近” 。
      如：You have come too late. 
              What have you been doing lately?
3）deep与deeply：
      deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地” 。
      如：He pushed the stick deep into the mud. 
              Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4）high与highly：
      high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。
      如：The plane was flying high.
              I think highly of your opinion.
5）wide与widely：
      wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”。
      如：He opened the door wide.
              English is widely used in the world.
6）free与freely：
      free的意思是“免费”；freely的意思是“无限制地”。
      如：You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. 
              You may speak freely, say what you like.

副词知识体系：

介词和介词短语的概念：

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。

误用介词的三种情况：

1、多用介词：
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错：
误：We discussed about the plan.
正：We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误：Did he mention about the accident?
正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误：I saw her enter into the bank.
正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误：He married with[to] a nurse.
正：He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误：How can contact with you?
正：How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误：We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误：Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正：Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误：He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正：He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词：
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等：
误：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误：He is not a man to be depended.
正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接着讲故事。
误：My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误：What he says is worth listening.
正：What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词：
错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当然的用错：
误：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地点)
正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误：He is engaged with a nurse.
正：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误：The sun rises from the east.
正：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误：Under his help, I finished it in time.
正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。
误：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误：We are familiar to his character.
正：We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误：Help yourself with the fruit.
正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。

介词的宾语：

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语：
如：Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗？
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注：若是人称代词用作介词宾语，要注意用宾格。
如：No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语：
如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语：
如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注：过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构，第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下，介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语，若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动)，可换用“being+过去分词”：
如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语：
如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注：介词后通常不接that从句，遇此情况需考虑用其他结构：
误：He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语：
如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视，他从不干任何事。
注：(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to，有时不带to，其区别是：若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；
若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语，但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构：
如：He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语：
如：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之，我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注：(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being：
如：He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配：in full全部地，全面地，无省略地； in private私下地，秘密地； in particular特别地；in general一般地，通常地，概括地； in brief 简言之；in short总之，简言之； in vain徒然地，徒劳无益地；for fee免费地，无偿地； for certain肯定地，确切地；for sure肯定地，确切地； for short为了简短，简称；atl arge自由自在地，逍遥法外； by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语：
如：I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿，我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语：
如：The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语：
如：Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注：通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较：I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语：
如：She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能：
1、表语：
如：He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注：有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语，不用作表语：
误：His absence is because of the rain.
正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是，若主语是代词(不是名词)，becauseof引出的短语可用作表语：
如：It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语：
如：Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？
3、定语：
如：This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语：
如：I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注：用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语：
如：He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语：
如：A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出时间。
6、主语：
如：Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注：介词短语通常不用作主语，尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语，但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略：
如：—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面？
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语，但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词：
即：Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.

并列连词的概念：

连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。

并列连词与并列结构：

并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1）and与or：
判断改错：
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：第一句：and连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk应改为talked。
            第二句：and连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang应改为sing。
            第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）
如：Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
        One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2）both...and 两者都
如：She plays(both) the piano and the guitar.
3）not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且
如：She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar.
注意：not only…but also关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。
如：Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4）neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。
如：Neither you nor he is to blame.

比较so和such ：

so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。
构成：so+adj.
            such+a(n)+n.
            so+adj.+a(n)+n.
            such+n.(pl.)
            so+adj.+n.(pl.)
            such+n.(pl.)
            so+adj.+n.[不可数] 
            such+n.[不可数]
如：so foolish 
        such a fool  
        so nice a flower 
        such a nice flower 
        so many/few flowers 
        such nice flowers 
        so much/ little money.
        such rapid progress
        so many people
        such a lot of people
注：so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。

并列连词用法点拨：

1、表示并列关系：
1）or意思为“否则”。
如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2）either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
如：Either you or I am right.
2、表示转折或对比关系：
1）but表示转折，while表示对比。
如：Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题：
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
    A. and
    B. so
    C. as
    D. but
答案：D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2）not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
如：They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being.
3、表示原因关系：
1）for 判断改错：
（错）For he is ill, he is absent today.
（对）He is absent today, for he is ill.  for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。

并列连词知识体系：

比较and和or的用法：

1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2）但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
如：There is no air or water in the moon.
        There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。

典型例题：
—I don't like chicken___fish.
—I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much.
A. and；and
B. and；but
C. or；but
D. or；and
答案：C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。
判断改错：
（错）We will die without air and water.
（错）We can't live without air or water.
（对）We will die without air or water.
（对）We can't live without air and water.

动名词概念：

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰，动名词有时态和语态的变化。

现在分词和动名词用法比较：

动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种形式。他们的句法功能如下：
动词的-ing形式如果作句子的主语或者宾语时，应该是动名词形式；如果作补语或者状语时，应该是现在分词形式。那么作表语或者定语的动名词和现在分词又该怎样区分呢？
1、动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较：
（1）动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how的问题。
如：One of the best exercises is swimming. 游泳是最好的运动项目之一。 
        What pleases him most is bathing in the sea. 最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。 
        The situation both at home and abroad is very in-spiring. 国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。
        The color is pleasing to the eye. 颜色悦目。
（2）动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。
如：Our work is serving the people.
      （＝Serving the people is our work.）我们的工作是为人民服务。 
        The news was disappointing. 那消息令人失望。
（3）作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。
如：What he said was very encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人心。
        Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future. 我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。
（4）现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。
如：The story is the most fascinating. 那个故事最迷人。
（5）作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。
如：His speech seems inspiring．他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。
        His interest is writing for the news papers. 他的爱好是给报社写文章。
（6）有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting，disappointing等。
2、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较：
（1）动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；
现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。
如：a swimming girl＝a girl who is swimming 一个在游泳的姑娘
        a walking stick＝a stick that is used for walking 一根拐杖
（2）现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如：The girl wearing glasses is one of his students. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。
        I bought some reading materials. 我买了一些阅读材料。

 动名词的用法：

1、作主语：
例如：Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。　
2、作宾语：　　
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。
例如：admit承认 appreciate感激 avoid避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay耽误 deny否认 detest讨厌 endure忍受 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱 fancy想象 finish完成 imagine想象 mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟 practice训练 recall回忆 resent讨厌 resume继续 resist抵抗 risk冒险 suggest建议 face面对 include包括 stand忍受 understand理解 forgive宽恕 keep继续
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗？
      　 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。　　　　　
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。
例如：admit to  prefer...to   burst out   keep on   insist on   count on   set about   put off   be good at   take up   give up   be successful in   be used to   lead to  devote oneself to   object to  stick to  no good   no use be fond of   look forward to  be proud of   be busy   can't help  be tired of   be capable of   be afraid of   think of
3、作表语，对主语说明、解释：
例如：Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4、作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途：
例如：a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
            a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。
例如：boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
            a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机

动名词知识体系：

动名词与不定式用法对比：

动词不定式的概念：

动词不定式指由to加上动词原形（而且只能是动词原形）所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。

不定式的特殊句型对比：

1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…：
1）too…to　太…以至于…。
例如：He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。　 
        —Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
        —Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2）如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太”。
例如：It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）　
3）当too前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常…等于very。
例如：I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。　
            He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to：
1）表示目的：它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如：Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。　　　
            Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2）表示结果：
例如：Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型：Why not：
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不……?   干吗不……?
例如：Why not take a holiday?

不定式的用法：

1、不定式作补语：
1）有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如：advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如：Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。　　　　　　
            The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2）有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。
例如：consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know 等。
例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 
            We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（tobe不能省去）
典型例题：Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
                    A. to invent　
                    B. inventing　
                    C. to have invented　
                    D. having invented　
答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。 3）有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如：believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如：We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
            You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语：
不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。　
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
            It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。　
            It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。　
            It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语：
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。
例如：My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。　　
            His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语：
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。
例如：I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。　　　
            There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
5、不定式作状语：
1）目的状语：常用结构为to do,only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,so as to do,so（such）...asto…（如此…以便…）。
例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。　　
            I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
例如：I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。　　
            He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3）表原因：
例如：I'm glad to see you.  见到你很高兴。
            She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件：
例如：He must be a fool to say so.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.

不定式知识体系：

不定式用法拓展：

1、用作介词的to：
to可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词：admit to  object to  beaccus to  med to  beused to  stick to  turn to开始 look forward to  be devoted to  pay attention to  contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

2、省去to的动词不定式：
1）情态动词（除ought外）后。
2）使役动词let,have,make后，感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去to。
例如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance. 　
           The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3）would rather，had better句型后：
4）Why…/why not…句型后：
5）help后可带to，也可不带to, help sb（to）do sth：
6）but和except后：
but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。　　
            He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7）由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：
8）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。
例如：He is supposed（to be）nice. 他应该是个好人。

3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如：Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。　
            She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
例如：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如：It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法：用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。
例如：You are nice.（通顺，所以应用of）。　　
            He is hard.（非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）

状语从句的概念：

状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

比较while/as/when：

1、as/when引导短暂性动作的动词例句：
如：Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。
如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3、从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when或while。
如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.

比较untill/till：

两个连词意义相同,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。
正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句例句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
                       Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
注意：在肯定句中可用before代替：Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets.
否定句例句：She didn't arrive until 6o'clock. 
                        I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.
1、Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
例句：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
2、Untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。
例句：Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。
例句：Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.
2）It is not until…that…

状语从句的用种类：

1、时间状语从句：
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引导。 　　
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. 　　
       He started as soon as he received the news. 　　
       Once you see him, you will never forget him. 　　
       No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. 　　
2、原因状语从句：
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as, nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 　　e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. 　　
      As it is raining, I will not go out. 　　
      Now that you mention it, I do remember. 　　
3、地点状语从句： 　　
引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。 　　
e.g. Sit wherever you like. 　　
      Make a mark where you have a question. 　　
4、目的状语从句： 　　
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。 　　
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. 　　
      She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. 　　
      He left early in case he should miss the train. 　　
5、结果状语从句： 　　
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that, such…that等引导。 　　
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting. 　　
      He was so excited that he could not say a word. 　　
      She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. 　　
6、条件状语从句： 　　
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。
引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。
注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。 　　
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. 　　
      You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. 　　
      So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. 　　
      You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank. 　　
      If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. 　
7、让步状语从句： 　　
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引导。
注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 　　
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 　　
      Child a she is, he knows a lot. 　　
      Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind. 　　
8、方式状语从句： 　　
方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。 　　
e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you. 　　
      He acted as if nothing had happened. 　　
9、比较状语从句： 　　
比较状语从句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引导。 　　
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. 　　
      He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. 　　
      The busier he is, the happier he feels.

使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题：　　

1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。　　
e.g. We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 　　
       I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 　　
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。　　
e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. 　　
       If(you are) asked you may come in. 　　
       If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again. 　　
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。　　
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）　　
       Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）　　
       I don't know where he came from.（宾语从句）　　
      Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）　　
       This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
注意：表示“一…就…”的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。
例句：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.
            I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
           As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
例句：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
            No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.