本试题 “按要求转换句型。1. There is some bread on the table. (改为否定句)There _______ _______bread on the table.2. He is doing his homework now. (改为一般...” 主要考查您对不定代词
形容词
助动词的单数第三人称形式
不定式
现在进行时
there be 句型
一般疑问句
it 的用法
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
不定代词用法例举:
①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词:some, someone, somebody, something
例如:They can speak some Japanese.
②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词:any, anyone, anybody, anything
例如:Is there anyone at home?
③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词:no, no one, nobody, nothing
例如:I have no watch.
There is nothing wrong with the machine.
④不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,亦可指物,它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
名词,指代复数名词时可以用ones。
例如:I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
I like small cars better than large ones.
⑤none通常只用作名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。
none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
例如:None of them knows the answer to the question.
⑥both, all
both指两个人、物或群体;
all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
例如:My parents are both teachers.
All of my friends are football fans.
⑦every, each
each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个别;
every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
例如:Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
Every student went to the park.(学生至少三人)
⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
other具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人,亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词,表示“其他的,别的”,不可单独使用。
例如:Do you have any other questions?
the other作形容词或代词,特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
例如:The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
others相当于“other+名词”,泛指“别的人或物”,只有名词性用法。
例如:Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
the others相当于“the other+名词”,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
例如:There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
another作形容词或代词,泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
例如:This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
⑨either, neither
either指“两者中的任何一个”;neither指“两者中无一”,具有否定意义。
例如:You can take either half.
Neither of the books is good.
⑩many, much, most
many和much具有名词和形容词的性质,都表示“许多、大量”。
Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词,many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
例如:Many boys like playing soccer.
We have much homework to do every day.
Most students think so.
(11)few, a few, little, a little
a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词,a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”,具有否定意义。
例如:He has a few friends here.
Hurry up! There is little time left.
形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能”
He is too young to go to school.
=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
He is old enough to join the army.
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
what/who/where/when/when else
something/anything/nothing…else
What else did you do?
Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
助动词 |
be |
do |
have |
shall |
will |
单三形式 |
is |
does |
has |
shall |
will |
时态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
一般式 | (not) to do | (not) to be done |
完成式 | (not) to have done | (not) to have been done |
进行式 | (not) to be doing | |
完成进行式 | (not) to have been doing |
现在进行时的构成:
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式
第一人称单数I+am+ing.
第一人称复数We+are+ing.
第二人称单(复)数 You+are+ing
第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+ing
第三人称复数 They+are+ing
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+现在分词
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+现在分词
一般疑问句:be(is/am/are)+主语+现在分词
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?
间接引语中改为过去进行时。
变化规则:
1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing 变sleeping)
2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing 变biting)
3.重读闭音节,以辅音字母加元音字母加辅音字母结尾的词,要双写尾字母再加ing(例:swim+m+ing=swimming)
4.以ie结尾的重读闭音节,变ie为y+ing (例:die-dying lie-lying)
5结尾为c且c读作/k/时,在结尾加k再加ing,如picnic-picnicking
现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:
(一)现在进行时表示动作的暂时性,而一般现在时表示动作的习惯性和经常性
I am watching TV now. (暂时性)
I watch TV every day. (经常性)
(二)现在进行时可表示短暂性动作,而一般现在时表示长久性动作。
Lucy is living in Beijing.(短时间居住)
Lucy lives in Beijing. (长久性居住)
(三)现在进行时表示的动作可带有感情色彩,而一般现在时所表述的动作通常是事实。
You’re always forgetting the most important things. (责备)
He is always helping others. (赞扬)
He often helps others. (事实)
(四)有些动词不能用进行时,know, understand, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice,等等。
这些动词通常用一般现在时表示说话时发生的动作。
I have a lot of friends here.
She wants to buy a new bike.
现在进行时用法注意:
1.进行时中,并不是所有的动词都要使用正在进行时。
例如一些表示状态和感觉的动词,一般不用进行时态,而是用现在一般时表示。
这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。
例如:see(明白),know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate等。
I hear someone singing. 我正听见有人唱歌。
Do you see anyone over there? 你看到那里有什么人吗?
What does he think of it? 他觉得这怎么样?
如果这些词使用正在进行时态,句子带有某种感情色彩。例如:
Are you seeing someone off? 你在给谁送行吗?
They are hearing an English talk. 他们在听一个英语报告。
2.现在进行时还有另外一种含义,即它们能表达即将发生的事情,相当于一般将来时。
有些动词从结构来看是现在进行时,但却是表示将要发生的事,而不表示动作现在正在进行。
这些动词往往是一些表示位置移动变化的动词:arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work等。
We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五出发。
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?你明天准备去哪儿?
A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。
Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗?
在表示将来的情况下,特别是be going to do sth. 这种结构,已经没有多少“去”的意思了,几乎就是用来表达“将要、打算”做什么事情。例如:
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。明天很可能非常冷。
She is not going to speak at the meeting。她不打算在那个会上发言。
3.当其与always、forever、continually、constantly 等副词连用时表示重复的动作,而这种动作可能使人不满,厌倦或满意。例如:
①She is perpetually interfering in my affairs.她老是干预我的事。 (不满)
②The students are making progress constantly.学生们在不断进步。 (满意)
4.在时间、条件状语从句中,有时可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。
When you are passing my way,please drop in.
你什么时候路过我家,请进来坐。
There be句型:
是一常见的表示“存在”的句型。该结构不表示“存在”意义的现象又广见于书面语及口语,它以否定句的形式出现,用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。
There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词“那里”的含义。
There be 后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构;
1.There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式,一种是将否定副词not放在be 之后,如:
There isn’t a box in the room.房间里没有盒子。
There aren’t any pens on the desk.课桌上没有钢笔。
There hasn’t been any rain for a week.一周没下雨了。
There won’t be a meeting today.今天没有会议。
另一种是在主语前加上不定代词no , 如:
There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。
There are no pictures on the wall.墙上没有图画。
There will be no one at home tomorrow morning.明天上午不会有人在家。
There might be no money left。或许没有剩下什么钱。
2.There be 句型的一般疑问句是将be 放在there 之前,回答时用yes或no,后接简单答语。如:
Is there a cake on the table?桌子上有块蛋糕吗?
Yes,there is. / No,there isn’t.是,有。/ 不,没有。
Will there be a party tonight?今晚有聚会吗?
Yes,there will./ No, there won’t是的,有。/ 不,没有。
Have there been any letters from your mother lately?近日你妈妈有信来吗?
Yes,there have./ No, there haven’t.是,有的。/ 不,没有。
3.There be 句型的特殊疑问句主要有how many和how much做引导词两种情况:
How many students are there in your school?你们学校有多少学生?
How much money is there in your pocket?你口袋里有多少钱?
4.There be 句型的反意疑问句
There is a cup on the table, isn’t there?桌子上有只杯子,是吗?
There is some orange in the glass, isn’t there?杯子里有桔汁,是吗?
There are a lot of letters in the mailbox, aren’t there?邮筒里有很多信件,是吗?
There will be a new hospital nearby, won’t there?附近要建一家新医院,是吗?
和have的比较:
1.区别点:there be 意为存在,强调某地有某物,不表示所属关系;have 表示所有关系, 强调某人或某地有某物,这是其基本用法。如:
There are some trees in front of the house.房前有些树。
Tom has many friends in China.汤姆在中国有许多朋友。
2.相同点:在表示结构上的含有时,既可以用there be 句型,也可以用have(has) 来表示。如:
There are many long rivers in China./China has many long rivers.中国有许多长河。
How many days are there in March?/How many days has March?三月份有多少天?
注意:
There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语
(如和将来时be going to will、现在完成时 havehas + pp. 、used to结构等连用,注意其构成形式)。
例如:
There must be a pen in the box.
There happened to be some money in my pocket.
There is going to be a meeting tonight.
There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.
There used to be a church across from the bank.
There be + 主语 + doing +介词短语. 例如:
There is a truck collecting rubish outside.
There is a wallet lying on the ground
it用法小结:
It用作实词
表达以下概念:
指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this, that;
替代前文中的内容;
指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;
指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;
指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。
一、it 作人称代词的用法
1. 指事物
作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:
I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。
It’s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦,可是我乐意干。
“Where is the dog?” “It’s in the bedroom. ” “狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。
2. 指人
it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:
Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?
There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门,一定是邮递员。
【说明】在答语中,常用来指本人,如说 It’s me。
3. 代替某些代词
代词 it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等。如:
“What’s this?” “It’s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。
Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题,是吗?
二、it 作非人称代词的用法
1. 基本用法
it 作非人称代词的用法,主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:
It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。
It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。
It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。
2. 用于某些句型
It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。
It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s + 时间段 + since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。
It’s + 时间段 + before-从句. 过多长的时间才……
三、it用作形式主语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:
It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。
It’s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。
2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型
(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。
It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话,真是太蠢了。
【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是:
of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等,介词for表示对象,意为“对……来说” 。
(2) It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。
【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体:It took me an hour to write the letter.
=The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时
(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事
It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。
(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……
It seemed as though he didn’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。
It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。
(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……
If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助,这些困难我们不克服不了的。
四、it用作形式宾语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。
其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如:
I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。
2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构
(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如:
I like it that you came. 你来了,我很高兴。
I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。
You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。
(2) 动词 + it + when (if)-从句。如:
I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。
I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。
(3) 动词 + prep + it + that-从句。如:
See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。
Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。
You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you. 你放心,他会来接你的。
I can’t answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。
(4) 动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如:
I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。
I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。
it在强调句中的使用
It is+被强调部分+that(who)+其他
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
2. 在强调原因状语从句时,只能强调由because所引导的从句。
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上。
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别。
5. 不管被强调部分是单数还是复数,其前一律用It is / It was,而不能用They are / There were之类的。
6. 被强调部分是指人时,被强调部分后可用that / who,被强调部分指物时,被强调部分后只能用that。
7. 被强调部分是指时间或地点时,被强调部分后通常用that,一般不用when,where之类的。例:
It is I who am right. 是我对。
It was you that were wrong. 是你错了。
It was in the Japan that he died. 他是死于日本。
It was yesterday that he got married. 他是昨天结婚的。
It was a computer that he bought last week. 他上个星期买的是一台电脑。
Where was it that she lived? 她是住在什么地方?
When was it that he left for Japan? 他是什么时候离开去日本的?
Who is it that teaches you English? 是谁教你们英语?
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