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初中二年级英语

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  • 改错题
    改错。
    (     ) 1. Do youknowthe girlofblackhairandbig eyes?                
    A               B           C    D
    (     ) 2. It's a pity,butIcandoanythingaboutit.                
    A      B            C        D
    (     ) 3. We were lateforschoolagain,becauseour teacherwasvery angry.                
    A               B         C                        D
    (     ) 4. Take ouradvices.Leaveittous andgo backto have a rest.                
    A          B      C                 D
    (     ) 5. Henevertella lietous.                 
    A      B    C    D
    (     ) 6. The boyneedsomemoney. Hewantsto buya computer.                 
    A       B                      C        D
    (     ) 7. "It'sraining."  "Anditis."                 
    A       B           C     D
    (     ) 8. If you want toget alongwellwithothers, you have to control yoursicktemper.                 
    A                B      C                                           D
    (     ) 9. "Itlookslikeraining." "I'mnot afraid so.Look atthe sun."                 
    A             B                       C              D
    (     ) 10. "I'msorryImaybea littlelate." "It doesn'tthematter."                  
    A        B          C                            D
    本题信息:2010年同步题英语改错题难度较难 来源:曾庆艳
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “改错。( ) 1. Do youknowthe girlofblackhairandbig eyes? A B C D( ) 2. It's a pity,butIcandoanythingaboutit. A B C D( ) 3. We were lateforschoolagain...” 主要考查您对

日常用语、谚语

不可数名词

不定代词

形容词

实义动词的单数第三人称形式

实义动词

一般现在时

介词

从属连词

强调句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 日常用语、谚语
  • 不可数名词
  • 不定代词
  • 形容词
  • 实义动词的单数第三人称形式
  • 实义动词
  • 一般现在时
  • 介词
  • 从属连词
  • 强调句
日常用语:
就是日常生活中的交际用语,如Thank you. Sorry.等
谚语:
即是人们生活中常用的现成的话。
谚语类似成语,但口语性强,通俗易懂,而且一般都表达一个完整的意思,形式上差不多都是一两个短句。
例如:Helaughsbestwholaughslast.谁笑到最后,谁就笑得最好。
            Nopains,nogains.没有付出,就没有收获。

英语日常交际用语分类:
打招呼与告别用语(Greeting and Saying Good-bye)
1.-How are you ?       
-I’m fine, thanks.
2. -Nice to meet you.    
-Nice to meet you, too.

谈论颜色(Talking about colour)
1. -What colour is  it?    
-It’s red.
2. -What’s you favourite colour, Jenny?      
-My favourite colour is blue.
3. -How many colours do you like?         
-Three.

谈论高度(Talking about height)
1. -Are you short or tall?               
-I’m short/tall.
2. -How tall am I, Mr Wood?            
-You’re 1.6 metres tall.

看病用语(Seeing a doctor)
1. -What’s the matter?                  
-I cut my knee. It hurts.

就餐用语(Having meals)
1. -Would you like some dumpling?            
-No, thanks./ Yes please.
2. I’d like porridge for breakfast.        
3. It’s /Thery’re delicious.
4. What would you like for supper?
5. -Are you ready to order?                    
-Yes, please. I’d like…….

谈论天气(Talking about weather)
1 -How is the weather today?/ What’s the weather like today?
-It’ sunny rainy snowy windy.
2. -Is it snowy?                      
- No , it’s hot today.
3. -what’s the temperature?             
- It’s 0 degrees.
4. -Is it rainy?                         
-Yes, it’s rainy.
5 It’s warm and windy in spring.
6. -How’s the weather today, Steven?        
-It’s cold and snowy.
7.-What’s the temperature outside, Kim?      
-It’s minus fifteen degress.
8.What’s the temperature today? Is it warm or hot?
9.It’s very cold hot today, isn’t it?
10. It ‘s a cold day!
11. what a cold day!               
12. It’s getting warmer.

谈论时间和日期(Talking about time and date)
1. -What time is it?/What’s the time?      
-It’s 7:00 a quarter to seven ten past seven.
2. -What day is it?                          
-It’s Tuesday.
3. -What’s the date?                         
-It’s October 30.

谈论年龄(Talking about age)
1. -How old are you? What’s your age?         
- I’m fourteen years old.
2. She is very young.

谈论购物(Talking about shopping )
1.-May I help you ?/What can I do for you?   
-I would like/want to buy a pencil, please.
2. -How much is this are they?               
-Three yuan.
3. I’ll take it.                  
4. Here’s your change.
5. What colour kind would you like?    
6. What about this one?
7.I’m looking for a birthday present for my friend.
8.Do you have any other sizes/ kinds?

谈论距离(Talking about distance)
1. How far is it from China to Canada?           
It’s about 8,500 kilometres.
2. Beijing is far from our city.
3. -How far is Beijing from here?      
-It’s about 7,000 kilometres miles away.

请求允许(Asking for permission)
1. May I have some donuts, please?
2. -May I have some grapes?    
-Sorry. We don’t have any grapes. But we have some pears.
3. -what would you like, Mom?     
-I would like a bowl of noodles.

指路(Showing the way)
-Excuse me. Does the hotel have a computer?
-Yes! I can show you. Go straight down this hall. Here it is!

道别用语(Saying good-bye)
-Okay. See you later!                
-See you later!

表扬与鼓励(Praise and encouragement)
1.The gift is wonderful!           
2. You can do it.
3.These chopsticks are beautiful!    
4.Beijing is great!
5.Very good!                    
6. Good work!
7.Well done! / Wonderful! /Excellent!   
8.You speak English very well!
9.Keep trying!               
10.You dress is beautiful!
11.Come on!

谈论节日和季节(Talking about festivals and seasons)
1. -What’s your favourtite festival /season?            
- My favourite festival is Children’s Day.
_My favourite seasons is fall are spring and winter.
2. I like Teachers’ Day.
3.I like winter because I like to ski and skate.    
4.Spring in China is usually warm.
5. There’re four seasons in a year.


初中常用谚语:
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.正人先正己。

He knows most who speaks least.大智若愚。

He who does not advance loses ground.逆水行舟,不进则退。

If you make yourself an ass, don't complain if people ride you.人善被人欺,马善被人骑。

If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.要想求知,就得吃苦。

Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母。

It is better to die when life is a disgrace.宁为玉碎,不为瓦全。

It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open.创业容易守业难。

It is hard to please all.众口难调。

It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。

It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。

It is the first step that costs troublesome.万事开头难。

It is the unforeseen that always happens.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。

It is too late to grieve when the chance is past.坐失良机,后悔已迟。

It never rains but it pours.不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。
It takes three generations to make a gentleman.十年树木,百年树人。

Jack of all trades and master of none.门门精通,样样稀松。

Judge not from appearances.人不可貌相,海不可斗量。

Justice has long arms.天网恢恢,疏而不漏。

Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.近朱者赤,近墨者黑。

Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕。

Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it.君王发狂,百姓遭殃。

Kings have long arms.普天之下,莫非王土。

Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。

Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.博学使人谦逊,无知使人骄傲。


初中英语作文常用的谚语:
1.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
2.God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。
3.Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。
4.Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
5.One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘,谬之千里。
6.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。
7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit. 吃一堑,长一智。
8.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。
9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰,徒有其表。
11.More hasty,less speed. 欲速则不达。
12.Its never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
13.All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。
14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。
15.Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
16.Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。
17.Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
18.well begun,half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。
19.It is hard to please all. 众口难调。
20.Out of sight,out of mind. 眼不见,心不念。
21.Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
22.Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。
23.First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。
24.Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。
25.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
26.live not to eat,but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭,吃饭为了活着。
27.Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。
28.East or west,home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。
29.Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。
30.Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。
31.Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。
32.The older, the wiser. 姜是老的辣。
33.Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。
34.An idle youth,a needy age. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
35.As the tree,so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
36.To live is to learn,to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习,学习为了更好的活着。
37. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
38. Nothing is too difficult in the world if you set your mind into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。
39. Every coin has two sides. 每枚硬币都有两面;凡事皆有好坏。
40. Don‘t troubles trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。
41. No pains,no gains. 不劳无获


不可数名词:
是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;
它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,一般要与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的【一 +(量词)+ 名词】,其中的量词意义依与具体的名词搭配而定。
 例如:
a cup of tea 一杯茶
a piece of news 一则新闻 
two pieces of paper 两张纸  
three glasses of water 三杯水 
 five bags of rice 五袋大米
不可数名词量的表示:
1、不可数名词的数量一般用some , much , a lot of , lots of , a bit of , a little , little等数量形容词表示。
eg: some meat 一些肉    
a lot of money很多钱     
a little water 一点水

2、不可数名词的数量还可以用适当的量词(由普通名词充当)作单位来表示,
结构为“数词+量词(普通名词)+ of + 不可数名词”。
其单复数变化就体现在普通名词上。
eg: a piece of paper 一张纸    
three pieces of paper 三张纸

3、一些常见的用来表示不可数名词数量的词
①piece(条、块、片、张、份、则)
eg: a piece of meat 一块肉   
a piece of bread 一片面包    
two pieces of advice 两条意见
a piece of news 一条消息/一则新闻
②glass(玻璃杯) , cup(茶杯) , bottle(瓶)
eg: a glass of milk 一杯牛奶    
a cup of tea 一杯茶    
six bottles of beer 六瓶啤酒
③loaf(条)、bar(块)、tin(听,罐)
eg: a loaf of bread 一条面包    
a bar of soap 一块肥皂    
a tin of tobacco 一听/罐烟丝
④basket(篮)、bag(袋)、box(箱,盒)
eg: a basket of food 一篮食物   
five bags of rice 五袋大米    
a box of wine 一箱白酒
⑤kilo(公斤)、pound(磅)
eg: a pound of sugar 一磅糖    
two kilos of meat 二公斤肉    
half a pound of coffee 半磅咖啡
a quarter of a pound of cheese 四分之一磅奶酪
a quarter of a kilo of rice 半斤大米
不可数名词记忆歌诀:
不可数名词很特殊,
六点用法应记清楚:
一是没有复数形式,
二作主语谓须单数①,
三是其前不用a(an),
四是修饰不用基数②,
五可much, some和any来修饰,
六表数量用“计量+of”短语③。
[说明]:
①不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数,如:There is some milk in the bottle.
②不可数名词不可直接用不定冠词和基数词直接修饰,但可用some、any和much等词修饰;
③当表示不可数名词的数量时,其前应用“计量名词+of”短语,注意计量名词有复数形式。如:I’d like two cups of tea.

不可数名词复数形式的特殊含义:
英语中的专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般为不可数名词,但有时它们却可用作复数形式。
此时它们往往又有了新的含义。
一、专有名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示一家人或夫妻。例如:
Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night?史密斯一家明晚会来参加我们的聚会吗?
2.表示同名或同姓的若干人。例如:
There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class.他班上有两个玛丽和三个罗伯特。
 Did the Mr. Blakes come this morning?那几位布莱克先生今天上午来了吗?

二、物质名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示不同的种类,如food,wine,metal, wheat,rice等。例如:
The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的,
First of all,he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden。
首先他列出了一长串禁用的食品。
2.表示量很大,远远超过该词原来表示的程度或次数。这一类词常见的有:
sands(沙滩,沙漠),waters(水域),rains(大阵雨、雨季),winds(大风),times(时代), woods(森林),ruins(废墟),rags(碎片、破衣服),ashes(灰烬、骨灰)。例如:
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.上涨的河水给庄稼造成了很大的损害。
These caves collapse easily in heavy rains.下大雨时这些洞穴容易倒塌。
The children are playing on the sands.孩子们在沙滩上玩。
3.某些表示饮料名称的物质名词往往以复数形式代替单位词。这类词有:coffees,teas等。例如:
The waitress has served twenty teas since four o’clock.从四点起,这位女服务员已上了二十份午茶。
Send two coffees and three lemonades to the room.请将两杯咖啡和三杯柠檬汁送到这个房间。
4.某些物质名词又是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与原来个体完全不同的东西。这类词有:
glasses(眼镜、玻璃杯), irons(熨斗),coppers(铜币),papers(文章,
证件)等。例如:
She is always wearing glasses.她总是戴着眼镜。
He wrote many papers for the newspaper.他为这份报纸写过许多文章。

三、抽象名词的复效形式的含义
1.congratulations, regards, respects,thanks,wishes,apologies等复数形式用来
表示祝愿、礼貌和客气。例如:
It’s your birthday today.Congratulations!今天是你的生日,恭喜你!
You’ve given me so much help.Thanks a lot.你给了我很多帮助,非常感谢。
2.smiles, pities, fears, hopes, kindnesses复数形式表示强调。例如:
He was all smiles.他满脸笑容。
It is a thousand pities.非常遗憾。
I have received many kindnesses from him.他对我非常好。
Great fears are felt for the safety of the missing climbers.人们对失踪的登山者的安全权为担忧。
3.抽象名词具体化。有些抽象名词的复数形式表示具体的事物,如:
cares(烦人的事),anxieties(令人着急的事),worries(使人发愁的事),difficulties(难题),joys(使人高兴的事),failures(失败的事,失败的人),friendships(表示友谊的事例)等。例如:
After listening to his advice,she had no more anxieties.听了他的建议,她不再有发愁的事了。
His friendships never last very long.他与别人的交情从来都不长久。
After many failures,they finally succeeded.经过多次失败之后,他们最后成功了。
4.某些抽象名词在某种场合是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与该个体名词不同的意义,如:
youths(男青年、小伙子), relations(亲属), beauties(美人),necessities(必需品)等。例如:
Twenty youths attended the meeting yesterday.二十个男青年出席了昨天的会议。
All his poor relations came to spend their holidays at his home.他所有的穷亲戚都在他家过节。


不定代词
即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
初中常用不定代词有:
some(something,somebody,someone),any(anything,anybody,anyone), no(nothing,nobody,no one),
every(everything,everybody,everyone,),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),
another,none,one,either, neither等。一般来讲,修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。

不定代词用法例举:
①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词:some, someone, somebody, something
例如:They can speak some Japanese.
②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词:any, anyone, anybody, anything
例如:Is there anyone at home?
③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词:no, no one, nobody, nothing
例如:I have no watch.
There is nothing wrong with the machine.
④不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,亦可指物,它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
名词,指代复数名词时可以用ones。
例如:I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
I like small cars better than large ones.
⑤none通常只用作名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。
none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
例如:None of them knows the answer to the question.
⑥both, all
both指两个人、物或群体;
all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
例如:My parents are both teachers.
           All of my friends are football fans.
⑦every, each
each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个别;
every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
例如:Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
            Every student went to the park.(学生至少三人)        
⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
other具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人,亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词,表示“其他的,别的”,不可单独使用。
例如:Do you have any other questions?
the other作形容词或代词,特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
例如:The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
 others相当于“other+名词”,泛指“别的人或物”,只有名词性用法。
例如:Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
the others相当于“the other+名词”,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
例如:There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
another作形容词或代词,泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
例如:This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
⑨either, neither
either指“两者中的任何一个”;neither指“两者中无一”,具有否定意义。
例如:You can take either half.
Neither of the books is good.
⑩many, much, most
many和much具有名词和形容词的性质,都表示“许多、大量”。
Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词,many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
例如:Many boys like playing soccer.
We have much homework to do every day.
Most students think so.
(11)few, a few, little, a little
a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词,a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”,具有否定意义。
例如:He has a few friends here.
Hurry up! There is little time left.


不定代词的用法:
不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
位置
不定代词+形容词
不定代词+to do
作主语
Both of them are teachers.他们两人都是教师。
作宾语
I know nothing about this person.我对这个人一无所知。
作表语
This book is too much for a child.这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。
作定语
There is a little water in the glass.玻璃杯里有一些水。
作状语
I can't find my book anywhere.我在任何地方都不能找到我的书。
修饰不定代词的词,一般情况下要后置。
形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影

在一般现在时的肯定句中,当主语为非第三人称单数时,谓语动词用原形;
当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。


实义动词的一般现在时的单数第三人称形式遵从“s,es, ies”六字母规则。如下表所示:
规则 动词原形 第三人称
单数形式
s 一般在词尾加s(读音规则:
清清浊浊元浊,
在清辅音后读清辅音/s/,
在浊辅音和元音后读/z/)
stop
take
clean
play
grow
stops/s/
takes/s/
cleans/z/
plays/z/
grows/z/
es 以,x,ch,sh,或o结尾的动词
加-es(读/iz/)
pass
fix
wash
watch
do
passes
fixes
washes
watches
does
ies 以辅音字母
加y结尾的动词,变y为ies(读/iz/)
fly
carry
hurry
flies
carries
hurries
实意动词单数第三人称变化规律:

注意:不规则变化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does

一般现在时,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式 
主语是第三人称单数有以下几种情况: 

(1) 不可数名词做主语:
Some water is in the glass 

(2) 单个的可数名词做主语:

The girl is Chinese.  My watch is on the dresser. 

(3) He ,she , it 等代词单个做主语: 
He is in the tree. She likes her family very much. 
(4) 单个的人名,地名或称呼作主语:
Mary is a doctor.  Uncle Li speaks a little English.   
Changchun is a beautiful city. 

(5) 指示代词this, that 等作主语:
 This is a pear.  That is an apple . 

(6) Everyone, everything ,something, nobody, nothing.等不定代词作主语时 
Is everyone here today?   Everything is ok . 

(7)单个数字作主语时:
”8” is a good number in China.

动词单数第三人称形式的一般现在时的句子的否定句、疑问句及特殊疑问句。
    

否定句:
在主语的后面实义动词前加
doesnt(注意实义动词应恢复原形。)     

主语(单三)+doesn + 动词原形+其他 

Jim likes football变否定: Jim doesn’t like football             

He has lunch at school. 变否定:He doesn’t have lunch at school.   


一般疑问句及答语,在句子前面加助动词
does. 实义动词恢复原形     

Does +主语(单三)动词原形+其他 

Does your father work ? Yes, he does. /No, he doesn’t    


特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
+一般疑问句 

特殊疑问词+ does +主语(单三)动词原形+其他         

Where does a bird live ?         

How does she go to school 


实意动词:
即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:
及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;
不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?


英汉实意动词用法比较:
与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。

 实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他


一般现在时:
:表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。
一般现在时的具体用法:
1. 表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。    
e.g.  I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning. 
2. 表示客观事实和普遍真理。    
e.g.  The earth moves around the sun.
3. 表示现在发生的具体动作或存在的状态 
e.g. He lives in Beijing now.
4. 习惯性的爱好或行为
e.g. I like dancing while she likes singing.
5. 表示预先计划或安排好的行为。 
e.g.  Our class begins at 7:45.
6. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。 
e.g.  If you come, we will wait for you.
7. 表示格言或警句中。 
e.g.  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 
8.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。 
e.g. I don't want so much. 
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 
  I am doing my homework now.
9.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。 
10.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容,为了体现其“新鲜”性,也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。 
11.有些表示状态和感觉的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时,只用一般现在时,而不用进行时态。 
注意★:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
一般现在时与现在进行时的区别:
一、两种时态的主要含义:
一般现在时
1.表示事物的本质特性或客观存在,没有时限性。
The table ____ soft。(feels) 表特性特征。
Japan ___ in the east of China。 (lives) 表客观事实
2.现阶段经常性、习惯性的行为,可带频率时间。
The shop closes at 7:30 p.m.
Father doesn’t smoke. (习惯)
3.表说话时的状态,感觉或结果,一般用状态动词,如:
It doesn’t matter. Does it hurt? (感觉结果)
4.特殊用法:
-在条件、时间、让步从句中用现在时代替将来。
-If you go there,I’ll help you.
—用在begin,come,go,leave,return,open,close 等短暂谓语动词表规定计划。
The plane takes off at 11:30. (不受主观支配的计划)
-在剧本、解说、标题或there(here)开头的句中表进行
There goes the bell/Here comes Mr.Wang.
I declare the meeting opens.(正在宣布)
He meets the ball and hits back to No.2 (正在发生)

现在进行时
1.说话时正在发生,进行的动作
Look! Dark clouds are gathering . (正在发生)
2.表现阶段正在进行,但此刻不一定正在进行的事。
He usually gets up at 6:00,but this week he is getting up at 7:00.
(现阶段正在进行,但说话时不一定在起床)
3.现在进行时的特殊意义
-表示主观打算常用于 go,come,leave,start,begin 等,位移、趋向动词。
How long are you staying here (准备停留)
-表示眼前刚过去的语意即“话音刚落”,适用于tell,say,talk,discuss
You don’t believe it You know I’m telling the truth.
-表示安慰、关心、喜欢、讨厌等感情色彩。
He is always making noises in class. (讨厌)
-在条件、时间、让步状语从句中表示将来正在进行。
Don’t bother him if he is reading this time tomorrow.

二、严格区分进行时与一般时的语义
1. 持续动词的一般时表持续情况,经常性,习惯性行为或客观存在的事实,进行时表暂时性或有限时刻的持续。
2.短暂动词的一般时叙述事实,特征,能力而短暂动作进行时描述反复发生,即将发生或刚开始行为。
3.短暂动词和静态动词一般时表示实际情况客观状态、结果、特征、特性,进行时表未完成含开始或渐进之意。
The bus stops. (车停了-事实)
The bus is stopping. (渐渐停下来)
I love the job. (静态事实)
I am loving the job. ( 渐渐爱上了)
4.come,go,leave,start,return,move,reach,sail,fall 等一般时态表客观规定计划,进行时表主观打算推测。
Flight 254 leaves at 5:30. (表主观打算)
The plane is taking off an hour later.(主观判断)
5.现在进行时带always,often,usually,sometimes,等频率副词表感情色彩,一般现在时则没有此用法。

一般现在时的句子转换:
(1)当句子中有be动词或情态动词时,则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句.
例:
①陈述句:She is a student.
疑问句→ Is she a student?
否定句→ She is not a student.
②陈述句:I can swim.
疑问句→ Can you swim
否定句→ I can not swim.

(2)当句子中即没有be动词,也没有情态动词时,则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数),does(单数she,he,it)变成问句;
在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t(I,you,以及复数), doesn’t(单数she,he,it)变成否定句,助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。
例:
①陈述句:We get up at 7:00 every morning.
疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning?
否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning.
②陈述句:She has a little brother.
疑问句→ Does she have a little brother?
否定句→ She doesn’t have a little brother.

一般现在时的表达方法:
主要通过谓语动词的变化和用时间词语来表示,其中最主要的是谓语动词的变化。现在一般时动词变化的规则是:
1.如果主语是名词复数和第一人称I、 we ,谓语动词不用做任何变化,即仍然用动词原形表示:
We usually go to school at 7:30. 我们通常7:30上学去。[go]
My parents give ten yuan to my sister every week.我父母每星期给我妹妹十元钱。[give]

2.主语是任何一个单数名词或者是第三人称单数,谓语动词要进行必要的变化。特别提一点:不可数名词也算作单数处理。

3.谓语动词的变化规律是:
第三人称单数的构成见下表:

构成

举例

一般情况

词尾+s

动词原形

第三人称单数

work(工作)
stop(
停止)

works
stops

-ch, -sh, s, x, o结尾

词尾+es

teach()
wash(
)
dress(
装扮)
fix(
安装)
go(
)

teaches
washes
dresses
fixes
goes

辅音字母+y”结尾

yi,再加es

fly(飞翔)
try(
尝试)

flies
tries

特殊变化的词:
be (是) - am,is,are
I am
she/he/it,名词单数都用 is
we,you,they,名词复数都用are
have (有) - have,has
I,we,you,they,名词复数都用have
she/he/it is,名词单数都用 has

助动词,不论单复数、不论什么人称都没有变化,都用 can,may,must,need,ought to 等。
而且,句子中有了助动词,谓语动词就不需要有任何变化了,即用动词原形表示。例:
We have six classes every day. 我们每天上六节课。
I often get up at 6:30. 我经常6:30起床。
Jack likes Chinese food very much.杰克很喜欢中国饮食。
We can see some pictures on the wall. 我们能看到墙上的画。

4.一般现在时常用的时间词语
常用于一般现在时的词语有 sometimes/usually/often/every day(week,year)/ now/always 等。
这些时间词语只是辅助作用,这些词语也可用于其它的时态,所以谓语动词变化才是最关键的。
注意:当表现强烈的感情色彩时,尽管有如 always/never/seldom 等频率副词,但一般在频率副词前加上be动词,后面变为动词的现在分词形式。
例:My father lose his key again. He is always losing his key.


一般现在时的基本结构:


一般现在时中当主语为第三人称单数的时,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式。


介词:
是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词的分类:
(1)表示时间,处所:从 自 自从 于 打 到 往 在 当 朝 向 顺着 沿着 随着
(2)表示方式:按 照 按照 依 依照 本着 经过 通过 根据 以 凭
(3)表示目的:为 为了 为着
(4)表示原因:因 由于 因为
(5)表示对象,范围:对 对于 把 向 跟 与 同 给 关于
(6)表示排除:除 除了 除去 除非
(7)表示被动:被 叫 让 给
(8)表示比较:比 和 同
上述介词中的“着,了,过”是语素,不是动态助词。

介词at, in, on的区别: 
1. 表示时间,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如:
I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。
He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。
(2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如:
We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。
He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。
(3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如:
He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。

2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如:
We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。
The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。
与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如:
at my sister’s 在我姐姐家  at the doctor’s 在医务室
(2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如:
What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么?
He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。
但有时两者可换用。如:
The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。
(3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如:
in Shanghai 在上海    at the station 在车站
但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如:
Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。
We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。
(4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如:
What’s on the table? 桌上有什么?
There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。
注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如:
He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。

3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关:
in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关:
in bed / on the bed 在床上
in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上

介词besides,but,except的用法区别:
 1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;
而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。

2. 关于 but 与 except:
(1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:
but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。
All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
(2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每个人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me, everyone is tired.

3. 关于 except 与 except for:
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。

4. 关于 except for 与 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:
I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。


介词的用法口诀:

早、午、晚要用inat黎明、午夜、点与分。

年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in

将来时态in。。。以后,小处at大处in

有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in

特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in

介词atto表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。

日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,

收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、着论。

着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。

特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。

年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前onin

步行、驴、马、玩笑oncabcarriage则用in

at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。

工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。

就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。

海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类knowtoman

thisthattomorrowyesterdaynextlastone

接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

overunder正上下,abovebelow则不然,

若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。‘

beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。

besidesexcept分内外,among之内along沿。

同类比较except,加for异类记心间。

原状becauseof,、owingtodueto表语形容词

under后接修、建中,offrom物、化分。

beforeafter表一点,agolater表一段。

before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

since以来during间,since时态多变换。

与之相比beside,除了lastbutone

复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。

快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。

butfor否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。

ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。

之后、关于、在。。。。。。方面,有关介词须记全。

into外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。


从属连词:
这种连词是用以引导名词性从句定语从句和状语从句的,由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。

从属连词可分为三大类:
1、that (无词义,不做成分)
if,whether (表达是否的意义,但不做句子成分)
2、连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever, whoever, whichever(有词义,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语)
3、连接副词:when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far,however,whenever,wherever (有词义,作从句的状语)

用法:
从结构上说,英语连接词分两大类:并列连词和从属连词。

并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如:
(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.   
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.   
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.   

从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句,形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如:   
(4) He said that he did not want to go .   
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.   
(6) You may come if you want to.   

从属连词用来连接各种从句。
until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。
如动词是持续行动词,它要用肯定句,如:
I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.
如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:
He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.
由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。
since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:
I have studied English since 1990.
而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:
I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.


从属连词语法分类:
种类 语法作用 连词举例 
从属连词 引导原因状语从句 Because, since
引导条件状语从句 If, unless, as long as
引导目的状语从句 So that
引导结果状语从句 So…that
引导方式状语从句 As, just as, as if
引导让步状语从句 Though, although, even
though, no matter what,
however, no matter how,
whoever, no matter who,
wherever, no matter where
引导比较状语从句 As…as, not so…as, than,
less…than, the more…the
more
引导名词性从句 Who, whom, whose, which,
that, when, where, why

强调句:
所谓强调就是通过语音、语调、词汇、语法、修辞、标点符号、字体变化等手段来突出重要的内容,使自己的思想更好地被听者或读者理解。
初中常考的强调方式: 
1. 用助动词do (does/did)+动词原形
例如:He does know the place.
2. 用It be+被强调部分+that (who)…表示强调
例如:It was in the office that he was killed.


常见到的强调形式,共有以下七类:
1.用dodoesdid + V可表强调
Some people do believe that nuclear power poses a threat to the world peace.
2.adv或adj可表强调:Never only Very
This is the very question that deserves careful analysis.
3.双重否定可表强调
Taking part-time jobs is never without drawbacks.
4.what引导的主从可表强调
What really matters is cooperation.
5.倒装可表强调(凡是倒装都可以表示强调)
Littlie do people take into account the seriousness of this problem.
6.比较状语从句可表强调
Nothing is more imperative than to learn from the past.
7.强调句型可表强调
It is was +被强调部份+ that who +原句剩余部份
It is stability that destroys people’s ambition and barricades people’s steps.

常用句型:
1. 陈述句的强调句型
It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
例子 It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2. 一般疑问句的强调句型
同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。
例子 Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型
被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分?
例子 When and where was it that you were born?
4.not … until … 句型的强调句
A. 句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
普通句:He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
B. 注意:
此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是强调句型,till, until可通用;
因为句型中It is/ was not ... 已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。
5.谓语动词的强调
A. It is/ was ... that ... 结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/ does或did
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!
B. 注意:
此种强调只用do/ does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。

强调形式:
常见到的强调形式,共有以下七类:
1.用dodoesdid + V可表强调
Some people do believe that nuclear power poses a threat to the world peace.
2.adv或adj可表强调:Never only Very
This is the very question that deserves careful analysis.
3.双重否定可表强调
Taking part-time jobs is never without drawbacks.
4.what引导的主从可表强调
What really matters is cooperation.
5.倒装可表强调(凡是倒装都可以表示强调)
Littlie do people take into account the seriousness of this problem.
6.比较状语从句可表强调
Nothing is more imperative than to learn from the past.
7.强调句型可表强调
It is was +被强调部份+ that who +原句剩余部份
It is stability that destroys people’s ambition and barricades people’s steps.
语法结构:
强调句的十种结构:
1.用助动词“do(does/did)+动词原形”来表示强调:
Do write to me when you get there.你到那儿后务必给我来信。
2.用形容词very,only,single,such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气:
How dare you buy such expensive jewels?你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢?
3.用ever,never,very,just等副词和badly,highly,really等带有-l y的副词来进行强调:
I really don’t know what to do next.我的确不知道下一步该怎么做。
4.用in the world,on earth,at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气(常用于疑问句):
Where in the world could he be?他到底会在哪儿?
5.用感叹句来表示强烈的感情,突出说话人的情感:
How interesting a story it is!这是一个多么有趣的故事啊!
6.用重复来表示强调:
Why!why!The cage is empty!啊!啊!箱子是空的。
7.用倒装句(也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首)来加强语气:
On the table were some flowers.桌上摆着一些花。(强调地点)
8.用强调句型:“It is(was)+被强调的部分+that(who)+原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿:
It was on Monday night that all this happened.所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
9.用If来表示强调:
1)If从句+I don’t know who/what,etc.does/is/has,etc.
主语部分也可以用nobody does/is/has,etc.或everybody does/is/has,et c.来代替(这里的if从句往往是正话反说,反话正说): 
If he can’t do it,I don’t know who can.要是他做不了这件事,我不知道还有谁能做。(强调只有他能做)
If Jim is a coward,everybody is.要是吉姆是个胆小鬼,那么人人都是胆小鬼。(强调吉姆不是胆小鬼)
2)if从句+it be主句(此用法可看成是第8中强调句型的变形,即把所要强调的内容放在it be的后面,把其它内容放在由if引导的从句中): 
If anyone knew the truth,it was Tom.如果说谁了解事实的真相,那便是汤姆。
10.用破折号、黑体字也可以表示强调,加强语气:
It’s because of hard work—ten years of hard work.那是因为艰苦的工作--十年艰苦的工作! 
He began the work in late May.他在五月底开始的这项工作。(强调时间)