副词：
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序：程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词
1）表示发生时间的副词：
It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了！
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
 He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词：
1）有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词：
①用作介词：Stand up!  起立！
②用作副词：A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
3）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词： 
It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

副词的语法作用：
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。
He works hard. （作状语）
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. （作状语）
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? （作表语）
她在家吗?
Let's be out. （作表语）
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. （here作定语，hardly作状语）
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!（作补语）
让他出去！
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

不同类型副词的用法比较：
方式副词：
1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况：
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

程度副词和强调副词 ：
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”：   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗？
  [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
2）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰形容词等：
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
 b. 修饰比较级：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

疑问副词和连接副词：
1）疑问副词：疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？
2）连接副词：连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句）
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）

一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词：
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

副词的位置：
1、实义动词前，be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。

3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。

5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么？
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

6、否定副词在句首，句子要倒装，如：
Never have I felt so excited!
兼有两种形式的副词：
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

语态：
是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构：
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）
① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
如：Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如：The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如：The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如：The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如： He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如：The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。

不用于被动语态的情形：
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如：A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如：My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如：We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。
例如：The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如：Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。
例如：Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用 被动式）。
例如：The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如：This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 ：

时态	被动语态
一般现在时	am/is/are+过去分词
一般过去时	was/were+过去分词
现在进行时	am/is/are being+过去分词
过去进行时	was/were being+过去分词
一般将来时	will be+过去分词
过去将来时	would be+过去分词
现在完成时	have/has been+过去分词
过去完成时	had been+过去分词
情态动词	情态动词be+过去分词

情态动词的被动语态：
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等，
分别表示“能够被……”，“可以被……”，“必须被……”，“需要被……“，应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
（一）一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如：
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce？这项工作必须立即完成吗？
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？
（二）特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如：
Whenmustthisworkbedone？这工作必须在什么时候完成？
Wherecanthelostbookbefound？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？
（三）反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如：
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear，can'tit？这座桥明年能建成，是吗？
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary，shouldit？这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
（四）否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如：
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce．这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，
但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。如：
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday？我的作业应在今天完成吗？
—Yes，theyshould．是的，应在今天完成。（No，theyshouldn't．不，不应在今天完成。）
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？
—Yes，itmust．是的，必须立即上交。（No，itneedn't．不，不必立即上交。）
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce？他必须立即手术吗？
—Yes，hemust．是的，他必须。（No，heneedn't．不，他不必。）

反义疑问句：
表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。
反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。 
2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。
例如：This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 
               This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
速记：
前肯后否，前否后肯，前be后be，前无be后加助，时态一致。

反意疑问句的回答：
前肯后否，前否后肯，根据事实从后往前翻译。如：
（1）They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作，不是吗？
Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不，他们工作不努力
（2）They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？
Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的， 他们工作不努力

否定反义疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式，反义疑问句为否定式时，其回答一般不会造成困难，一般只需照情况回答即可：
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的，不是吗？”“是，是新的。”
"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去，不是吗？”“不，他不想去。”
此时，"Yes"即是，对前面"It's new."的肯定。

回答反义疑问句的原则
回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定，
如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答，肯定你还没有asleep。
但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着，对吗)，你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的，还没有睡着)，而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
“It is a beautiful flower，isn't it？” “It isn't a beautiful flower，is it？”
上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes，it is."否定为“No，it isn't."
由上述例子可知，反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联，只需注意事实，肯定即用yes，否定用no，无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。

口诀:
反意疑问并不难，陈述疑问句中含。
前后肯否恰相反，否定词缀不能算。
主谓时态要一致，特殊情况记心田。
实际情况来回答，再把yes和no拣。
综上所述，反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。
对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。
要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。
例：
—He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球，不是吗？
—Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
—His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？
—Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。

快速记忆表：
陈述部分的谓语   疑问部分
I/主语   aren't I / are I
no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词   肯定含义
含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，视为肯定含义   否定含义
ought to（肯定的）   shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.)   don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to+v.   didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v.   hadn't you
would rather + v.   wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v.   wouldn't +主语
must   根据实际情况而定
感叹句   be +主语
指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this   主语用it
并列复合句   谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句   根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导   与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one   复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need   need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词   do/don't +主语
省去主语的祈使句   will/won't you？
Let's 开头的祈使句   Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句   Will you?
there be   相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）
否定前缀不能视为否定词   仍用否定形式.
反意疑问句19条：
1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth？如：
1）What a fine day it is today！
What a fine day it is today，isn“t it？
2）How fast he runs！
How fast he runs，doesn”t he？
3）What a long time we have been waiting！
What a long time we have been waiting ，haven“t we？
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
有些动词如：cost hurt hit put 等，它们的过去时与原型相同，在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.
英语18种特殊的反意疑问句：
1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表
示“请求”，用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如： 　　 
Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板，好吗？ 　　
Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况： 　　
1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如： 　　
Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧，好吗？ 　　 
还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。 　　
2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如： 　　 
Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试，行吗？ 　　
2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如： 　　
What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊，是吧？ 　　 
3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如： 　　
He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助，是吗？ 　　 
4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时，反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如： 　　
I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作，是吗？ 　　
5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如： 　　 
Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？ 　　
6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如： 　　
Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了，是吗？ 　　
No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事，对吗？ 　　
7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时，反意疑问句的主语用it，当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时，其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如： 　　
This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机，是吗？ 　　
These are grapes，aren't they? 这些是葡萄，是吗？ 　　
8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one，也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如： 　　
One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人，是吧？ 　　
9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not,  no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如： 　　 
He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到，是吗？ 　　
10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的，其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如： 　　
   It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平，是吧？ 　　
11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时，其反意疑问句用肯定结构，也可以用否定结构。例如： 　　
You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到，是吗？ 　　
12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。  例如： 　　
What you need is more important, isn't it？你需要的东西更重要，是吧？ 　　
13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如： 　　
I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来，对吗？ 　　
14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思，并在句中做谓语时，其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如： 　　
They had a meeting just now，didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会，是吗？ 　　
15. 陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如： 　　
You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜，对吧？ 　　
16. 陈述部分是there be句型时，其反意疑问句中要用there。例如： 　　
There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院，是吗？ 　　
17. 陈述部分有had better时，反意疑问句中要用hadn't。 例如： 　　
We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学，好吗？
18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定；要；必须”讲，反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't；
而当must作推测意义“一定 是；必定”讲时，反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如： 　　 
He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理，是吧？ 　　
Tom must be at home，isn't he? 汤姆一定在家，是吧？

宾语从句：
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
宾语从句连接代词主要有：
who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。

宾语从句的特点:
1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.

宾语从句的时态:
1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 

宾语从句的语序:
A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 　　
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. 　　
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 　　　
Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible. 　　
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.　 
C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. 　　
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. 
D.  主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. 　　
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner

宾语从句的否定转移:
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?

宾语从句中引导词的用法比较
在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词：who, whose, what ,which
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。

（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）
1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

2.在以下情况中that不能省略
a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

2.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句
a.在带to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
b.在介词的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接与or not连用时
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.

3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.

if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。）
e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

简化宾语从句常用六法：
方法一：
当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，
且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。
例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.

方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，
且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，
且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？
→Could you tell me how to get to the station？

方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，
如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy