副词的概念：

副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

副词的位置：

1）在动词之前。
2）在be动词、助动词之后。
3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
如：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。
如：He speaks English well.

副词的排列顺序：

1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
如：Please write slowly and carefully.
3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错）I very like English.
            （对）I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
如：I don't know him well enough. 
        There is enough food for everyone to eat.
        There is food enough for everyone to eat.

兼有两种形式的副词：

1）close与closely：
      close意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”。
      如： He is sitting close to me.
               Watch him closely.
2）late与lately：
      late意思是"晚"；lately意思是“最近” 。
      如：You have come too late. 
              What have you been doing lately?
3）deep与deeply：
      deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地” 。
      如：He pushed the stick deep into the mud. 
              Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4）high与highly：
      high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。
      如：The plane was flying high.
              I think highly of your opinion.
5）wide与widely：
      wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”。
      如：He opened the door wide.
              English is widely used in the world.
6）free与freely：
      free的意思是“免费”；freely的意思是“无限制地”。
      如：You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. 
              You may speak freely, say what you like.

副词知识体系：

介词和介词短语的概念：

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。

误用介词的三种情况：

1、多用介词：
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错：
误：We discussed about the plan.
正：We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误：Did he mention about the accident?
正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误：I saw her enter into the bank.
正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误：He married with[to] a nurse.
正：He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误：How can contact with you?
正：How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误：We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误：Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正：Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误：He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正：He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词：
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等：
误：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误：He is not a man to be depended.
正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接着讲故事。
误：My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误：What he says is worth listening.
正：What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词：
错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当然的用错：
误：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地点)
正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误：He is engaged with a nurse.
正：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误：The sun rises from the east.
正：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误：Under his help, I finished it in time.
正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。
误：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误：We are familiar to his character.
正：We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误：Help yourself with the fruit.
正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。

介词的宾语：

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语：
如：Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗？
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注：若是人称代词用作介词宾语，要注意用宾格。
如：No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语：
如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语：
如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注：过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构，第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下，介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语，若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动)，可换用“being+过去分词”：
如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语：
如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注：介词后通常不接that从句，遇此情况需考虑用其他结构：
误：He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语：
如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视，他从不干任何事。
注：(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to，有时不带to，其区别是：若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；
若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语，但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构：
如：He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语：
如：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之，我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注：(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being：
如：He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配：in full全部地，全面地，无省略地； in private私下地，秘密地； in particular特别地；in general一般地，通常地，概括地； in brief 简言之；in short总之，简言之； in vain徒然地，徒劳无益地；for fee免费地，无偿地； for certain肯定地，确切地；for sure肯定地，确切地； for short为了简短，简称；atl arge自由自在地，逍遥法外； by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语：
如：I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿，我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语：
如：The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语：
如：Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注：通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较：I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语：
如：She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能：
1、表语：
如：He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注：有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语，不用作表语：
误：His absence is because of the rain.
正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是，若主语是代词(不是名词)，becauseof引出的短语可用作表语：
如：It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语：
如：Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？
3、定语：
如：This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语：
如：I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注：用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语：
如：He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语：
如：A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出时间。
6、主语：
如：Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注：介词短语通常不用作主语，尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语，但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略：
如：—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面？
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语，但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词：
即：Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.