本试题 “按要求转换下列句式,每空一词。1.I was shoppingwhen the UFO arrived.(对划线部分提问)_________ _________ you _________ when the UFO arrived?2.My Math...” 主要考查您对一般过去时
从属连词
祈使句
特殊疑问句
直接引语,间接引语
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
肯定式 | 疑问式 | 否定式 | 疑问否定式 |
Iworked | Did I work? | I did not work | Did I not work? |
He(She,It) worked | Did he(she,it) work? | He(she,it) did not work | Did he(she,it) notwork? |
We worked | Did we work? | We did not work | Did we not work? |
You worked | Did you work? | You did not work | Did you not work? |
They worked | Did they work? | They did not work | Did they not work? |
词 |
构成 |
举例 | |
一般情况 |
词尾+ed |
动词原形 |
过去式和过去分词 |
look |
looked | ||
以不发音字母e结尾 |
词尾+d |
like |
liked |
以“辅以字母+y”结尾 |
变y为i,再加ed |
fly |
flied |
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾+ed |
stop |
stopped |
从属连词可分为三大类:
1、that (无词义,不做成分)
if,whether (表达是否的意义,但不做句子成分)
2、连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever, whoever, whichever(有词义,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语)
3、连接副词:when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far,however,whenever,wherever (有词义,作从句的状语)
用法:
从结构上说,英语连接词分两大类:并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如:
(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句,形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如:
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.
从属连词用来连接各种从句。
until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。
如动词是持续行动词,它要用肯定句,如:
I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.
如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:
He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.
由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。
since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:
I have studied English since 1990.
而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:
I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.
种类 | 语法作用 | 连词举例 |
从属连词 | 引导原因状语从句 | Because, since |
引导条件状语从句 | If, unless, as long as | |
引导目的状语从句 | So that | |
引导结果状语从句 | So…that | |
引导方式状语从句 | As, just as, as if | |
引导让步状语从句 | Though, although, even though, no matter what, however, no matter how, whoever, no matter who, wherever, no matter where | |
引导比较状语从句 | As…as, not so…as, than, less…than, the more…the more | |
引导名词性从句 | Who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why |
祈使句的含义:
1. 表请求
Pass me the sugar, please. 请把糖递给我。
2. 表命令
Put up your hands. 举手。
Fill in this form. 把这个表填好。
3. 表建议
Let’s have dinner together. 我们共进晚餐吧。
4. 表邀请
Come in and have a seat. 进来请坐。
Help yourself to some fruits. 请吃水果。
5. 表警告
Hurry up or you will be late.抓紧点,不然你要迟到了。
Do that again and you”ll be in trouble.要是再干那事,你会有麻烦的。
6. 表禁止
Don’t touch the exhibits.不要触摸展品。
Don’t play on the road.不要在马路上玩耍。
7. 表叮嘱
Be sure to get there before nine. 务必在九点前赶到那里。
Take care not to catch cold. 小心别着凉了。
8. 表号召
Workers of all countries, unite! 全世界工人阶级联合起来!
9. 表祝愿
Have a good trip. 祝你旅途愉快。
祈使句有三种类型:
一、含第二人称主语的祈使句
1. 当祈使的对象是第二人称you时称为含第二人称主语的祈使句。
这时,主语you通常不出现在句中,谓语动词用原形。
有时在句首或句末加please,还可加上称呼语,用逗号与句子主体隔开。如:
Please be quiet, boys! 孩子们,请安静!
Come this way, please. 请走这边。
如要加强语气,可在动词前加do。如:
Do keep away from the fire! 切记远离火种!
2. 否定式在谓语动词前加Don’t或Do not,强调否定式则在动词前加Never。如:
Don’t alway make the same mistake. 不要老犯同一个错误。
Never be late again. 千万别再迟到了。
3. 有时,为了强调指明向谁提出要求或发出命令,或表达说话人的急躁、厌烦、不满、恼怒的情绪,就用主语you表示,且放在动词前。如:
You come here! 你到这里来!
You mind your head! 小心别碰到头了!
若为否定式,则把Don’t放在主语you之前。如:
Don’t you come here! 你别来这里!
二、含第一、第三人称主语的祈使句
1. 含第一或第三人称主语的祈使句通常以Let开头,
第一人称由“Let + me / us +动词原形”构成,
第三人称由“Let + 第三人称代词(用宾格)或名词+动词原形”构成。
这类祈使句往往用于提出建议。如:
Let me have a try if you don’t want to. 如果你不想,就让我试一试吧。
Let’s spend this weekend in the country. 咱们到乡下去度这个周末吧。
Let him be here by ten o’clock. 叫他10点到这里吧。
有时也可以先称呼对方的名字,,后跟一句无人称主语的祈使句。如:
Jane, sit down please. 简,请坐下。
Mum, remember to bring me an umbrella. 妈妈,记得给我带把伞。
2. 这类祈使句的否定式是在动词原形前加not,也可以在let前加Don’t。如:
Let’s not wast our time about it. 我们不要为了这件事而浪费时间。
Don’t let us wait here. 别让我们在这儿等。
Don’t let him go out. 别让他出去。
三、无动词祈使句
在请求、命令和口号中,常用无动词祈使句,它实际上是省略了动词,从而使语句更简洁或有力。如:
Just a minute, please! 请稍等!
This way, please! 请这边走!
Attention! 立正!
Up the stairs! 上楼!
To the playground, everyone of you! 到操场上去,你们每个人都得去!
在一些指示牌上,常用“No +动名词/名词”构成简略式的否定祈使句。如:
No smoking! 禁止抽烟!
No parking! 禁止停车!
No photos! 禁止拍照!
还有一些是祝词类的无动词祈使句,如:
May you succeed!祝你成功!
Long live our friendship!我们的友谊万岁!
祈使句特点口令:
祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去;
动词原形谓语当, 句首加don't否定变;
朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号。
祈使句的语调特点 :
1、语音强度一般比陈述句重,书面上用叹号表示。
2、句末用降调,较长句子的后半部分几个音节速度加快。
对特定的人使用的祈使句:
祈使句如Wait here! (在这儿等着!) 可以是对一个人说,也可以是对几个人说,其主语暗含you。
但我们却可以用下列方式引起我们说话的对象的注意:
■You+祈使语气动词
You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。
语调和重音很重要。在上面这一句里,如果不重读you,那么句子的意思是this is where you wait (这就是你应等着的地方);
如果重读you,那么句子的意思就是this is what I want you to do (这是我要你做的事)。
此外,重读you时还可以表示愤怒、敌意或不客气。如:
You mind your own business! 不关你什么事
You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week! 你来试试每周5天教40个吵闹的孩子!
在否定句中Don’t要重读 (不重读you)。如:
Don’t you speak to me like that! 你别这样跟我讲话!
■“you+人名”或“人名+you”
You wait here, Jim, and Mary, you wait there. 你等在这儿,吉姆;玛丽,你等在那儿。
■“祈使语气+人名”或“人名+祈使语气”:
Drink up your milk, Sally! 把你的牛奶喝光,萨利!
Sally, drink up your milk! 萨利,把你的牛奶喝光!
■祈使语气+反身代词
Enjoy yourself. 你好好享受吧。
Behave yourself. 你放规矩点。
■对一群人讲话时,祈使语气可与everybody, someone之类的词连用:
Everyone keep quiet! 大家安静!
Keep still everybody! 每个人都保持不动!
Nobody say a word! 都不许说话!
Somebody answer the phone please. 请来个人接电话。
■在表示否定的命令语气后面可用带any的复合词
Don’t say a word anybody! 谁都不要说话!
Don’t anybody say a word! 任何人都不许说话!
直接引语和间接引语关系:
直接引语:直接引述别人的话(句子中有“”)。
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接引语”(句子中一般无“”)
间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:
人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1.直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词that 引导。例如:
She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.
2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句,变成间接引语时,由连词whether或if 引导。例如:
He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.
注意:大多数情况下,if和whether 可以互换,但后有or not,或在动词不定式前,或放在介词后作连接词时,一般只用whether。例如:
She asked me whether he could do it or not.
He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如:
My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.
4. 直接引语是祈使句,变成间接引语时,把动词原形变成动词不定式,并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如:
The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.
注意:此种情况的否定句,在动词不定式前加not。
My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.
一些注意事项:
(1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时,变为间接引语,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
(2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语,变为间接引语时,一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如:
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效,变为间接宾语时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作,
在变为间接引时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,
在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如:
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,
在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如:
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
(7)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如:
He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.
Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.
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