返回

初中三年级英语

首页
  • 填空题
    用所给词的适当形式填空。
    1. Thanks a lot for _________ (lend) me your pen.
    2. He did the work with __________(please).
    3. Don't play football in the street. It's __________ (danger).
    4. The twins have seen the interesting film__________ (two).
    5. I think he was not __________ (bad) hurt.
    6. She was ill yesterday, but today she's much __________ (well).
    7. My father taught __________ (he) English three years ago.
    8. After having a short rest, they went on __________ (play) football.
    9. There are a lot of new __________ (factory) in our city.
    10. We had a __________ (cloud) weather yesterday.
    本题信息:2010年模拟题英语填空题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
    查看答案
本试题 “用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Thanks a lot for _________ (lend) me your pen.2. He did the work with __________(please).3. Don't play football in the s...” 主要考查您对

可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)

不可数名词

人称代词

形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级

形容词

频度副词

副词

动名词

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)
  • 不可数名词
  • 人称代词
  • 形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级
  • 形容词
  • 频度副词
  • 副词
  • 动名词
可数名词:
是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;
因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。
名词单数变复数的规则:
情况 构成方法 例词 读音
一般情况 在词尾加-s desk→desks
map→maps
-s在清辅音后发/s/
day→days
girl→girls
-s在元音和浊辅音后发/z/
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes -es发/iz/音
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i再加-es family→families
factory→factories
party→patries
-ies发/iz/音
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 在词尾加-s day→days
boy→boys
key→keys
-s发/z/音
以f或fe结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves
-ves发/vz/音
以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes
-es发/z/音
以元音字母加-o结尾的词 在词尾加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos
-s发/z/音
巧记以ffe结尾的可数名词复数
妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife ↑
追得贼狼满街跑,thief,wolf →→→变f或fe为v,再加es
碰倒架子丧己命,shelf,self,life ↓
手帕树叶半空飘。handkerchief,leaf,half ↓
名词复数的不规则变化:
1.不规则形式:
child→children(儿童)
man→men(男人)
woman→women (女人)
an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)
foot→feet(脚)
tooth→teeth(牙)
mouse→mice(老鼠)
ox →oxen(公牛)
goose→geese(鹅)

2.单复同形:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means,Swiss
除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,twometers

3.集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数:
people police cattle是复数
(OK :a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss )
(Error:a people,a police,a cattle )
表示国民总称时,作复数用。
(The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。)

4.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
news是不可数名词。

5.表示由两部分构成的东西,
glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes(衣服)
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双)a pair of glasses  two pairs of trousers suit(套)

6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼)
可数名词变复数的几种形式: 
1) 单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.   
2) 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.  
3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.   
4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs,proofs, chiefs.  
5) 以o结尾的名词,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.  其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.   
6) 不规则名词:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice.
7) 单复数同形的名词:sheep,fish,dee.
注意:fish表示种类时,也用fishes这样的形式。
不可数名词:
是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;
它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,一般要与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的【一 +(量词)+ 名词】,其中的量词意义依与具体的名词搭配而定。
 例如:
a cup of tea 一杯茶
a piece of news 一则新闻 
two pieces of paper 两张纸  
three glasses of water 三杯水 
 five bags of rice 五袋大米
不可数名词量的表示:
1、不可数名词的数量一般用some , much , a lot of , lots of , a bit of , a little , little等数量形容词表示。
eg: some meat 一些肉    
a lot of money很多钱     
a little water 一点水

2、不可数名词的数量还可以用适当的量词(由普通名词充当)作单位来表示,
结构为“数词+量词(普通名词)+ of + 不可数名词”。
其单复数变化就体现在普通名词上。
eg: a piece of paper 一张纸    
three pieces of paper 三张纸

3、一些常见的用来表示不可数名词数量的词
①piece(条、块、片、张、份、则)
eg: a piece of meat 一块肉   
a piece of bread 一片面包    
two pieces of advice 两条意见
a piece of news 一条消息/一则新闻
②glass(玻璃杯) , cup(茶杯) , bottle(瓶)
eg: a glass of milk 一杯牛奶    
a cup of tea 一杯茶    
six bottles of beer 六瓶啤酒
③loaf(条)、bar(块)、tin(听,罐)
eg: a loaf of bread 一条面包    
a bar of soap 一块肥皂    
a tin of tobacco 一听/罐烟丝
④basket(篮)、bag(袋)、box(箱,盒)
eg: a basket of food 一篮食物   
five bags of rice 五袋大米    
a box of wine 一箱白酒
⑤kilo(公斤)、pound(磅)
eg: a pound of sugar 一磅糖    
two kilos of meat 二公斤肉    
half a pound of coffee 半磅咖啡
a quarter of a pound of cheese 四分之一磅奶酪
a quarter of a kilo of rice 半斤大米
不可数名词记忆歌诀:
不可数名词很特殊,
六点用法应记清楚:
一是没有复数形式,
二作主语谓须单数①,
三是其前不用a(an),
四是修饰不用基数②,
五可much, some和any来修饰,
六表数量用“计量+of”短语③。
[说明]:
①不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数,如:There is some milk in the bottle.
②不可数名词不可直接用不定冠词和基数词直接修饰,但可用some、any和much等词修饰;
③当表示不可数名词的数量时,其前应用“计量名词+of”短语,注意计量名词有复数形式。如:I’d like two cups of tea.

不可数名词复数形式的特殊含义:
英语中的专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般为不可数名词,但有时它们却可用作复数形式。
此时它们往往又有了新的含义。
一、专有名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示一家人或夫妻。例如:
Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night?史密斯一家明晚会来参加我们的聚会吗?
2.表示同名或同姓的若干人。例如:
There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class.他班上有两个玛丽和三个罗伯特。
 Did the Mr. Blakes come this morning?那几位布莱克先生今天上午来了吗?

二、物质名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示不同的种类,如food,wine,metal, wheat,rice等。例如:
The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的,
First of all,he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden。
首先他列出了一长串禁用的食品。
2.表示量很大,远远超过该词原来表示的程度或次数。这一类词常见的有:
sands(沙滩,沙漠),waters(水域),rains(大阵雨、雨季),winds(大风),times(时代), woods(森林),ruins(废墟),rags(碎片、破衣服),ashes(灰烬、骨灰)。例如:
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.上涨的河水给庄稼造成了很大的损害。
These caves collapse easily in heavy rains.下大雨时这些洞穴容易倒塌。
The children are playing on the sands.孩子们在沙滩上玩。
3.某些表示饮料名称的物质名词往往以复数形式代替单位词。这类词有:coffees,teas等。例如:
The waitress has served twenty teas since four o’clock.从四点起,这位女服务员已上了二十份午茶。
Send two coffees and three lemonades to the room.请将两杯咖啡和三杯柠檬汁送到这个房间。
4.某些物质名词又是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与原来个体完全不同的东西。这类词有:
glasses(眼镜、玻璃杯), irons(熨斗),coppers(铜币),papers(文章,
证件)等。例如:
She is always wearing glasses.她总是戴着眼镜。
He wrote many papers for the newspaper.他为这份报纸写过许多文章。

三、抽象名词的复效形式的含义
1.congratulations, regards, respects,thanks,wishes,apologies等复数形式用来
表示祝愿、礼貌和客气。例如:
It’s your birthday today.Congratulations!今天是你的生日,恭喜你!
You’ve given me so much help.Thanks a lot.你给了我很多帮助,非常感谢。
2.smiles, pities, fears, hopes, kindnesses复数形式表示强调。例如:
He was all smiles.他满脸笑容。
It is a thousand pities.非常遗憾。
I have received many kindnesses from him.他对我非常好。
Great fears are felt for the safety of the missing climbers.人们对失踪的登山者的安全权为担忧。
3.抽象名词具体化。有些抽象名词的复数形式表示具体的事物,如:
cares(烦人的事),anxieties(令人着急的事),worries(使人发愁的事),difficulties(难题),joys(使人高兴的事),failures(失败的事,失败的人),friendships(表示友谊的事例)等。例如:
After listening to his advice,she had no more anxieties.听了他的建议,她不再有发愁的事了。
His friendships never last very long.他与别人的交情从来都不长久。
After many failures,they finally succeeded.经过多次失败之后,他们最后成功了。
4.某些抽象名词在某种场合是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与该个体名词不同的意义,如:
youths(男青年、小伙子), relations(亲属), beauties(美人),necessities(必需品)等。例如:
Twenty youths attended the meeting yesterday.二十个男青年出席了昨天的会议。
All his poor relations came to spend their holidays at his home.他所有的穷亲戚都在他家过节。


人称代词:
人称代词是用来表示人的代词,有单数和复数之分,有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,也可作动词或介词的宾语。  
主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主语
宾格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作宾语
He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一个班级。
Can you see them in the street? 你能看见他们在街上吗?

人称代词在句中的作用:
1)主格作主语。如:
I am Chinese.我是中国人。
2)宾格作宾语,放在及物动词或介词之后,有时还可以在口语中用作表语。如:
①I don't know her.我不认识她。(动词宾语)
②What's wrong with it?它怎么了?(介词宾语)
③-Open the door,please.
3)作表语
作表语一般用主格, 但在口语中也常用宾格
I saw at once it was her.我一下子看到了她。
It's me.请开门,是我。(表语)
4)作同位语
作同位语是用宾格
We ,us ,there,will be able to fulfill the task.我们三人就能完成这项任务。


主宾格的替换:
一、宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。
  ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
  ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
  ---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
  ---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
  He is taller than I/me.
  He is taller than I am.

二、主格代替宾格
a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b.在电话用语中常用主格。
  ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
  ---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
  I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格)
  I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
  I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

人称代词用法:
一、人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,往往用在动词或介词后面。
例:1.Listen to me,Dad.
2.Peter is sitting behind me.
3.Let me got here now.
4.Give me an orange,please.

二、you既是"你"或"你们"的主格,又是它们的宾格;her既是"她"的所有格,又是它的宾格。我们可以根据它们在句子中的位置来判断它们属于主格、所有格还是宾格。

三、and是一个我们常用来连接两个词的连接词。它虽然与介词with有同样的意思,但它的前后可以是人称代词的主语,也可以是人称代词的宾格,而with只能跟人称代词的宾格。
如:You and I are going to school.
  You are going to school with me.

四、第三人称代词单数:er,sie,es 及 复数 sie 可指代人或物以及其它抽象概念等。此时,它们的性,数,格要与被指代的名词一致。

人称代词用法口诀:

人称代词分主/宾,只有八对要区分。
你(们)、它主/宾同一形,其余主/宾须分清。
谓语之前主格填,动/介之后宾格跟,
口语运用最灵活,表语也可用宾格。
人称代词并列现,注意顺序礼貌见,
二一、三一、二三一,第一人称最谦虚,
若把错误责任担,第一人称须当先。
动前主格动后宾,名前形容介后宾;
如果名词含在内,选用名物代就行。

人称代词并列用法的排列顺序:
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称→第三人称→第一人称
即:you and I;he/she/itandI;you,he/she/it and I
2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称→第二人称→第三人称
即:we and you;you and they;we,you and they


人称代词的变格形式

人称

单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

第一人称

I

me

we

us

第二人称

you

you

you

you

第三人称

he
she
it

him
her
it

they 

them


人称代词的形式:
在一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式,即常在动词原形后加-s或-es  
一、人称代词he,she,it是第三人称单数。如: 
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 
She has lunch at twelve. 她十二点吃午餐。 
It looks like a cat. 它看起来像只猫。 

二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语;是第三人称单数。如: 
①Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。 
②Beijing is in China. 北京在中国。 
③Uncle Wang often makes cakes. 王叔叔经常做蛋糕。 

三、单数可数名词或"this / that / the+单数可数名词"作主语时,是第三人称单数。如: 
①A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 
②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。 
③That car is red. 那辆小汽车是红色的。 ④The cat is Lucy's. 这只猫是露茜的。 

四、不定代词someone,somebody,nobody,everything,something等及指示代词this,that作主语时,是第三人称单数。如: 
①Everyone is here. 大家到齐了。 
②There is something wrong with the watch. 这块手表有毛病。 
③This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 
④That is an eraser. 那是一块橡皮擦。 

五、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。如: 
①The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。 
②The bread is very small. 那面包很小。 

六、当数字或字母作主语时,看作第三人称单数。如: 
①"6" is a lucky number. "6"是个吉利数字。 
②"I" is a letter. "I"是个字母。
形容词的比较级:
当两种物体之间相互比较时,我们要用形容词或副词的比较级;
当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时,我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。

形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则:
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased

二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
    ---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)

三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler,  cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest /  more clever , most clever

四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...


形容词的比较级和最高级用法:
形容词比较等级用法:
 1.没有比较对象时,用原级。
 I have a new computer.
 2.两者比较,程度相同。
 A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B.
 Our school is as beautiful as theirs.
 3.两者比较,程度不同。
 A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B.
 The weather here is not as hot as that in the south.
 4.A比B更…
 The earth is bigger than the moon.
 5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,a bit,any等修饰。
 Your room is much bigger than mine.
 I’m a little shorter than her.
 6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义:
 John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys.
 两者不属于同一范畴,不能用other.
 Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang.
 7.“比较级+and+比较级”   表示“越来越…”
 China is becoming more and more beautiful.
 Days are getting longer and longer.
 8.用the+比较级,the+比较级  表示”越…就越…”.
 The busier he is, the happier he feels.
 9. Which/Who+is+比较级     A或B?
 A和B哪一个/谁更…?
 Which is better,this one or that one?

 最高级用法:
 表示三者或三者以上的人或物的比较,一个在某方面超过其他两个或多个时,用最高级,结构是
 主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of/in短语。
 This story is the most interesting of the three.
 1. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数
 它的意思是最…之一。
 English is one of the most important languages in the world.
 2. which/who…+is+形容词最高级
 “…最...”
 Which is the heaviest,the horse,the sheep or the elephant?
3.最高级前可以用序数词
 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则:

构成 

 原级

比较级 

最高级 

一般加er,est

 tall

taller 

tallest 

以字母e结尾只
加 r,st

 large

larger 

largest 

以一个辅音字母结尾的
重读闭音节,双写这一辅
音字母后再加er,est

 red

redder 

reddest 

 hot

 hotter

hottest 

 thin

 thinner

thinnest 


以辅音字母+y结尾的词,
将y变为i再加er,est

easy 

 easier

easiest

happy

 happier

happiest 

 ugly

 uglier

ugliest 

 early

 earlier

earliest 

其他双音节词和多
音节词,在词前
加more或most

 interesting

more interesting 

most interesting 


形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影

频度副词:
是表示动作发生频率的词。
常见的有:
ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually,continually, always 等。
例如:He often came to see us.
            She always was late.
常见频度副词在表示程度上有别,按频率大小排列如下:
always(100%)>usually(80%)>often(60%)>sometimes(40%)>seldom(20%)>hardly (10%)>never(0%)


常见程度副词用法列举:
◆always 频率最高,表示动作重复、状态继续,表示“一直、总是”,其反义词为never。always等与not连用时,表示部分否定。如:
The rich are not always happy. 有钱的人并不总是快乐的。
如果要变为否定句,应将always改为never才能全部否定。如:
Li Ping is always late for school. 李平上学总是迟到。
Li Ping is never late for school. 李平上学从不迟到。(全部否定)
Li Ping is not always late for school. 李平上学不总是迟到。(部分否定)
频度副词通常和一般现在时连用,表示动作发生的频率。但always与进行时连用时,并不强调动作正在进行,而是表示赞叹、厌烦等情绪。如:
He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。(赞叹)
She is always asking silly questions. 她总是问些愚蠢的问题。(厌烦)
The boy is always asking for money. 这个小男孩总是要钱。(厌烦)

◆usually意为“通常”,表示习惯性动作或状态,很少有例外。如:
We usually go to school at seven in the morning. 我们通常在早上七点上学。
My mother and I usually go shopping on Sundays. 我和妈妈通常在星期天去买东西。

◆Often意为“经常,时常”,表示反复性的动作或状态,中间有间断,不如usually那么频繁。其反义词是seldom。often在句尾时常被very或quite修饰。如:
It often rains here in April. 这儿四月份常下雨。
he boys often eat noodles and the girls sometimes eat them. 男生经常吃面条,女生有时吃。
I often chat with my friends under the big tree. 我经常在这棵大树下和朋友聊天。
He writes to his friends quite often. 他常给他的朋友写信。

◆sometimes意为“有时”,频率不及often,表示动作偶尔发生,间断时间较长。其位置比较灵活,放在句首、句中、句末都可。如:
Sometimes we go to the cinema and at other times we go for a walk.
有时我们去看电影,有时我们去散步。
I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 我有时晚上看电视。
My father has lunch in the factory sometimes. 我父亲有时在工厂吃午饭。

◆seldom意为“很少”;never意为“从不”。这两个副词表示否定意义,动作几乎不会发生。如:
He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。
The little girl seldom goes out. 这个小女孩很少外出。
I will never forget your kindness. 我永远忘不了你的好意。
The boys never eat chocolate and the girls seldom eat it. 男生从不吃巧克力,女生很少吃。
Btter late than never. [谚语] 迟到(迟做)总比不来(不做)好。

◆hardly具有否定意义,表示“几乎不、简直不”,除非特殊情况,否则不会发生。如:
The boy is so young that he could hardly understand it. 这个孩子太小了,不可能懂得这件事。

◆对上述频度副词提问时,用how often。如:
I write to my brother sometimes.
→How often do you write to your brother?

频度副词在句中不同位置的用法比较:
一、频度副词在否定句中的用法
在否定句中,有的频度副词位于否定词之前或之后均可,而有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后,而还有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词。
大致情况如下:
1. 频度副词usually和often可位于否定词not之前或之后。
他们不常开这样的晚会。
正:They don’t often hold such parties.
正:They often don’t hold such parties.
星期日我们一般不在9点以前起床。
正:We don’t usually get up before nine on Sundays.
正:We usually don’t get up before nine on Sundays.
在否定句中,频度副词用于句中或句首,有时但会导致意思不同。
He doesn’t usually sleep for two days at a time. 他很少一连睡两天。
Usually he doesn’t sleep for two days at a time. 他连续两天不睡觉是常事。
2. 频度副词always总是位于否定词之后,不可位于否定句之前。
Things are not always what they seem to be. 外表往往是靠不住的。
Silence must not always be read as consent. 沉默并不见得一定意味着同意。
3. 频度副词sometimes总是位于否定词之前,不可位于否定词之后。
Jim is sometimes not very punctual. 吉姆有时不太准时。
Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. 黛比有时对她所做的事不负责任。

二、频度副词位于句末的用法
1.sometimes常可用于句末。 如:
We all get into trouble sometimes. 我们有时都会遇到麻烦。
You can’t work all the time,it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes.
你不能总是工作,有时出去放松一下会对你有好处。
2. often有时可置于句末,但通常会带有very, quite, fairly, more, so等修饰语。如:
We’ve been there quite often. 经常去那里。
When I was young, I used to play tennis very often. 我年轻时经常打网球。
Diana used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often.
娜过去经常旅游。最近她不常出门了。
We're not exactly on intimate terms, but we see each other fairly often.
虽算不上关系密切,但还常见面。
注:有时也可不带修饰语,但主要见于否定句或疑问句。 如:
He writes to me often. 他经常给我写信。
Do you come here often? 你常来这儿吗?
I don’t come here often. 我不常来这儿。
3. usually有时也用于句末,其前不用修饰语。
I’m not late, usually. 我通常不迟到。
I get paid on Fridays usually. 我通常在星期五领工资。
4.seldom 一般不用于句末,除非其前带有only,very等修饰。
We go out very seldom. 我们绝少外出。
I play basketball very seldom indeed. 我很少打篮球。
5. always一般不用于句末,偶尔用于句末,此时它不表法“总是”,而表示“永远”。
I’ll love you always. 我将永远爱你。
另外,有时用于句末是因为句子有所省略的缘故。
Generally they walked together on Sunday, but not always.
他们一般在星期日一起散步,但并不总是如此。
句中的but not always=but they didn’t always walk together on Sunday。

三、频度副词位于句首的用法
1. sometimes常可用于句首。
Sometimes she comes late. 有时她来得晚。
Sometimes she didn’t agree with me. 有时她和我意见不一致。
Sometimes we get a lot of rain in August. 有时在8月份雨水很大。
2. often用于句首时,通常表示强调,且其前一般有quite, very修饰。
Very often he comes in late. 他常常迟到。
Quite often the phone rings when I’m in the bath. 电话经常在我洗澡时响。
3.usually有时也用于句首,其前不用修饰语。
Usually I get up early. 我平时起得早。
Sometimes he comes by bus, but usually he comes by taxi.
有时他坐公共汽车来,不过他通常还是打的来。
Usually cooking pots have two small handles but pans have one long handle.
通常地深底煮锅有两只把手而平底锅只有一个长长的把手。
4.always一般不用于句首,除非是用在祈使句中。
Always remember this. 请时刻记住这一点。
Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜再开车。
另外,never也可用于祈使句的句首。
Never tell him the news. 千万不要告诉他这消息。
Never ask her about her marriage. 决不要问她结婚的事。
5.在正式文体中,表示否定意义的副词seldom, never可位于句首,但此时其后要用倒装语序。
Seldom has there been such a happy meeting. 过去很少有过这样愉快的会议。
Never did he think the book would be finished so soon. 他可没想到这本书会这么快看完
另外,once a year (每年一次), twice a week (每周两次), three times a day (一天三次), every Saturday afternoon(每星期六下午)等,
这些时间状语也表示频率,它们可以和频度副词用在同一个句子中,表达上没有重复。如:
We usually go to the cinema four times a month. 我们通常一个月看四次电影。


频度副词的用法:
 频度副词是副词的一种,在初中阶段常用的有四个,即always, usually,often,sometimes。它们的用法如下:
一、频度副词在句中的位置。
1.频度副词在句中习惯上位于be动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前。如: 
She is often late for school.她上学经常迟到。
He usually goes to bed at about 12.他通常(午夜)十二点钟睡觉。
When do you usually get up in the morning?早上你通常什么时候起床?
2.sometimes是个特殊的频度副词,既可以放在be动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前,也可以放在句首,还可以放在句尾。如:
I sometimes think that it is a great mistake.我有时想这是一个大错。
Sometimes I help my mother in the house.有时候我帮助妈妈做家务。
3.often可以放在句中,也可放在句尾,习惯上不放在句首。如: 
We have been there quite often.我们经常到那儿去。
She writes to me often. 她经常给我写信。
4.如果有两个助动词,频度副词通常放在第一个助动词后面。如:

We have never been invited to one of their parties. 他们聚会,一次也没邀请过我们。

She must sometimes have wanted to run away. 她有时候一定想到过要逃走。
5.这些频度副词的位置与句中谓语动词有无助动词有关。句中没有助动词时,副词置于动词be之后,其它动词之前。
频度副词位于助动词之前两种情况:
①为了表示强调,频度副词有时也可位于动词be、助动词、情态动词之前,此时助动词等应重读。如:
She always was late. 她老是迟到。
I never can remember. 我永远也记不住。
②在简略答语中,当频度副词与动词be、助动词或情态动词位于句末时,频度副词必须前置。
—“Philip is late again.”
—“Yes, he always is.”
—“菲利普又迟到了。”
—“是的,他总是迟到。”
— “Can you park your car near the shops?”
—“Yes. I usually can.”
— “你可以在商店附近停车吗?”
—“是的,通常可以。”
6.频度副词后的动词可以是动词的任何形式,具体什么形式和频度副词本身没有关系。
如:
I have never been to the moon.
 He sometimes goes to school by bike.
   
二、表示频度方面的区别:
1.always是频度最大的词,意为"总是;永远"。如:
  I shall always remember my first day at school.我将永远记住我上学的第一天。
2.usually意为"通常",即很少例外,频度仅次于always。如:
  What do you usually have for breakfast?你通常早餐吃什么?
3.often意为"经常",在频度上不如usually那么频繁。如:
  Li Ping often does his homework in the afternoon.李平经常在下午做作业。
4.sometimes意为"有时候",频度比often小,表示动作偶尔发生,间断较大。如:
  1.I sometimes go to the library.我有时去图书馆。
  2.Sometimes I read a book in the evening.我有时在晚上看书。

三、频度副词与not连用时,表示部分否定;对频度副词进行提问时,要用how often。如:
1.A great scholar is not always a very wise man.大学者未必一定是极聪明的人。
2.We go to the cinema sometimes.(对划线部分提问)
    How often do you go to the cinema?


副词:
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序:程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
1)表示发生时间的副词:
It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了!
2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
 He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词:
1)有不少表示地点的副词:
She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
①用作介词:Stand up!  起立!
②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词: 
It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

副词的语法作用:
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
He works hard. (作状语)
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. (作状语)
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? (作表语)
她在家吗?
Let's be out. (作表语)
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!(作补语)
让他出去!
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.


不同类型副词的用法比较:
方式副词:
1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

程度副词和强调副词 :
1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”:   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗?
  [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
a. 修饰形容词等:
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
 b. 修饰比较级:
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

疑问副词和连接副词:
1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)

一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。


副词的位置:
1、实义动词前,be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了,我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。

3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱?
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。

5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么?
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

6、否定副词在句首,句子要倒装,如:
Never have I felt so excited!
兼有两种形式的副词:
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态,而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。
动名词:
如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。


动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。


动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语 
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
     Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.   
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
No parking. (禁止停车)   
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语   
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
2.作介词的宾语   
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
3.作形容词的宾语   
The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping


动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态、语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being  written
完成式
having written
having been written

动名词使用注意事项:
1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
4) 有些词后只能接动名词
acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
例:remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
 forget与remember的用法类似。
 regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
 try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.