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高中三年级英语

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  • 改错题

    此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断:
    如有错误(每行只有一个错误), 则按下列情况改正:
    此行多一个词:把多余的词用斜线()划掉, 在该行右边横线上写出该词, 并也用斜线划掉。
    此行缺一个词:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
    此行错一个词:在错的词下划一横线, 在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
    注意:原行没有错的不要改。
    Dear Mom,
    Mother’s Day is coming.I’m sorry that I was abroad
    and can’t send your flowers, so I’m writing to you.
    Mom, I know I have never expressed my thank to you
    before.But on today, at this special time, I just want to tell
    you loudly:I love you , Mom! Thank you so much by not
    only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good
    person.Thank you for all you had done for me. Mom, though
    I may often say it, I do love you. Nobody can take your
    part in my heart.Whenever I am, I will always love you.
    Hope you good health and much happiness every day!
                                    Your little girl,
                                     Jennifer
    1. _____
    2. _____
    3. _____
    4. _____
    5. _____
    6. _____
    7. _____
    8. _____
    9. _____
    10. _____

    本题信息:2012年专项题英语改错题难度较难 来源:耿辉(高中英语)
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断:如有错误(每行只有一个错误), 则按下列情况改正:此行多一个词:把多余的词用斜线()划掉, 在该...” 主要考查您对

日常用语、谚语

人称代词

副词

介词和介词短语

情态动词

动词

动名词

一般现在时

现在完成时

状语从句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 日常用语、谚语
  • 人称代词
  • 副词
  • 介词和介词短语
  • 情态动词
  • 动词
  • 动名词
  • 一般现在时
  • 现在完成时
  • 状语从句

日常用语的概念:

日常用语就是日常生活中的交际用语,如:Thank you. Sorry.等
谚语是人们生活中常用的现成的话。谚语类似成语,但口语性强,通俗易懂,而且一般都表达一个完整的意思,形式上差不多都是一两个短句。
例如:He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后,谁就笑得最好。
            No pains, no gains. 没有付出,就没有收获。


怎样学好英语交际日常用语:

 推荐坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”,那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。
一、多“说”:
       自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语,见了同学,尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候,谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典,遇到生词时查一下这些生词,也不用刻意去记,用的多了,这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担,始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。或许你有机会碰上外国人,你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼,和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪,婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇,句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇,而且不太看重说法,你只要发音准确,准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心,敢于表达自己的思想。如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系,你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象,对它谈你一天的所见所闻,谈你的快乐,你的悲伤等等,长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。
二、多“听”:
        寻找一切可以听英语的机会。别人用英语交谈时,你应该大胆地去参与,多听听各种各样人的发音,男女老少,节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到,如果这样的机会少的话,你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听,这将会对你帮助很大,而你去听学过的课文的磁带,那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。
三、多“读”:
      “读”可以分为两种。一种是“默读”。每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处,读的内容可以是你的课本,但最好是一些有趣的小读物,因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系,所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后,你必定会在高考中胜券在握。另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。
四、多“写” :
        有的同学总是抱怨时间紧,根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多,不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情,或当天学了某一个词组,你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法,又可以锻炼你的写作能力学习英语不用花大块的时间,10分钟的散步可以练"说",吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说,睡前听几分钟英语,可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语,你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。


和雨有关的谚语:

1、Save for a rainy day 未雨绸缪
例句:We save money for a rainy day.
2、It never rains but it pours 不雨则以,一雨惊人
例句:I just got sacked and my wife left me!So it never rains but it pours!
3、right as rain 身体健康,一切正常
例句:I was sick, but now I feel as right as rain.
和云有关的谚语
1、on cloud nine 飘飘然如上九重天
例句:She passed the auditon and now she is on cloud nine.
2、head in the cloud 不切实际,好高骛远
例句:You can't always have your head in the cloud, you need to be down-to-earth.

和彩虹有关的谚语:


1、chase rainbows 做白日梦
例句:Chsing rainbows won't get you anywhere.

和风有关的谚语:


1、sail close to the wind 冒险
例句:If you believe what he said, you are sailing close to the wind.
2、know which way the wind blows 了解情况
例句:He never tells his thoughts until he knows which way the wind blows.

和雪有关的谚语:

1、be snowed down 工作太多做不过来
例句:I've been snowed down by my work!
2、white as snow 纯洁无辜
例句:The accused didn't comitt the murder,he is as white as snow。

和天气有关的谚语


fair-weather friend 泛泛之交


人称代词的概念:

人称代词是替代我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们、她们、它们等人称的词。
人称代词分为主格和宾格形式,并有人称的单复数形式。按所替代人称的不同分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。


人称代词的用法:

人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如:I,you,he,she,we,they,等)和宾语(用宾格,如 me,you,him,her,us,them等)
如:He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。
:(1)在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用语。 例如:
        "Who is it?" "It's me."“是谁呀?”“是我。”
        He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
        He is as tall as her. 他和她一样高。
        It's me who did it. 这是我干的。但是,若than,as后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格。例如:
        He sings better than I do./ He is as tall as she is.
        (2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。
             "I' m tired.""Me too."“我累了。”“我也累了。”
             "Who wants this?" "Me."“谁要这个?”“我要。”
        (3)有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化。
             I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为 I like you better than he likes you. 之略。
             I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为 I like you better than he likes him. 之略。


人称代词主格、宾格、人称、单复数对比:

人称代词

单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

第一人称

I

me

we

us

第二人称

you

you

you

you

第三人称

he

him

they

them

she

her

them

it

it


人称代词的排序:

人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they:
You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。
We, you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。
但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I置于其他人称代词之前:
I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。
比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。
注意:you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。


人称代词知识体系:

 


人称代词用法拓展:

1、在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词。
As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。
(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)
2、人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语。
These small desks are forus students.这些小课桌是给我们学生的。
We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子常一起去看电影。
He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。


副词的概念:

副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。


副词的位置:

1)在动词之前。
2)在be动词、助动词之后。
3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。
如:We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
如:He speaks English well.

副词的排列顺序:

1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。
如:Please write slowly and carefully.
3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错)I very like English.
            (对)I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
如:I don't know him well enough. 
        There is enough food for everyone to eat.
        There is food enough for everyone to eat.


兼有两种形式的副词:

1)close与closely:
      close意思是“近”;closely意思是“仔细地”。
      如: He is sitting close to me.
               Watch him closely.
2)late与lately:
      late意思是"晚";lately意思是“最近” 。
      如:You have come too late. 
              What have you been doing lately?
3)deep与deeply:
      deep意思是“深”,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地” 。
      如:He pushed the stick deep into the mud. 
              Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high与highly:
      high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。
      如:The plane was flying high.
              I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide与widely:
      wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地”,“在许多地方”。
      如:He opened the door wide.
              English is widely used in the world.
6)free与freely:
      free的意思是“免费”;freely的意思是“无限制地”。
      如:You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. 
              You may speak freely, say what you like.


副词知识体系:


介词和介词短语的概念:

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。


误用介词的三种情况:

1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。


介词的宾语:

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.


情态动词的概念:

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。


几组词的辨析

1、need和dare的用法:
need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。
(1)用作情态动词:
 如:—Need I come? 我需要来吗?
         —Yes, you must. 需要。
         You needn′t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 
         I don′t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。 
         She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
         How dare you say I′m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平?
         Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。
(2)用作实义动词:
如:You don′t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
        We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
        The table needs painting(to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
        We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
        He did not dare(to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。
        I dare day he′ll come again. 我想他会再来的。
2、can和be able to:
(1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。
如:Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
(2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。
如:He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn′t feel like it that day.
        他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。
        Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
3、must和have to:
must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式,除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间,在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
如:I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
        We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
4、would和used to:
(1)usedto表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。
如:People used to think that the earth was flat.  过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。) 
        She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
        在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。)
(2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
如:He used to∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
        She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。


情态动词的基本用法:

1、can(could):
1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。
如:Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
        Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。
如:The temperature can fall to–60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至-60℃,也就是零下60℃。
        He can′t(couldn′t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。  
        You mustn′t smoke while you′re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 
        在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
3)表示允许。
如:Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
        He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
如:Where can(could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
        He can′t(couldn′t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
        How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
如:Can(Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?
        I′m afraid we couldn′t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2、may(might):
1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。
如:You may take what ever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
        He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
        May(Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式:
如:Yes, please./Certainly. /Please don′t./You′d better not./No, you mustn′t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。
如:He may be at home. 他可能在家。
        She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
        He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。 
如:They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。
3、must:
1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。
如:We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
        You mustn′t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
         —Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗?
         —No, you needn′t./No, you don′t have to.不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn′t)
2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。
如:He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
如:She′s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot o fmoney. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。
4、shall:
1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
如:Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?
        Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
        What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么?
2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
如:You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
        You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
        He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
如:Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
5、will:
1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。
如:I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
        None is so blind as those who won′t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
        If you will read the book, I′ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
2)表请求,用于疑问句。
如:Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。
        Won′t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?
3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
如:Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
        The door won′t open. 这门打不开。
        The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 
        那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。
6、should:
1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。
如:You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
        You shouldn′t waste anytime. 你不应该浪费时间。
2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。
如:The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。       
        They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
7、would:
1)表意愿。
如:They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。 
        I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
如:Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗?
        Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?
        They wouldn′t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
如:Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。
8、ought to:
1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。
如:You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。
        You oughtn′t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。
如:Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
        There′s a fine sun set; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。
9、used to:
表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。
如:He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。
        There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。
        I usedn′t (didn′t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。
        Used you(Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?

情态动词的其他用法:

首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。
用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形:
句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
如:We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。
        May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
        Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗?
        You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。


情态动词知识体系:

 


情态动词表推测的三种句式:

1、在肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许)。
如:He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 
        It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2、否定句中用can't/couldn't (不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
如:It can't/couldn't be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了
        He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
3、疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。
如:Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?
        Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。

情态动词表推测的三种时态:

1、对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词+动词原形”。
如:She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.  5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
        She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
        她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
2、对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词+be”,“情态动词+bedoing”或“情态动词+动词原形”。
如:He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
        He can't(couldn't)/may(might) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
        Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can(could) he be late for the opening ceremony?
        布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
3、对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词+have+过去分词”。
如:It must/may/might/ could have rained last night. The ground is wet. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
        The door was locked. He can(could) not/may(might) not have been at home. 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。       
        Can/Could he have gotten the book?难道他找到书了吗?
:情态动词should/ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have+过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
如:It's seven o'clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
        现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)    
        She should/ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.(虚拟)
        她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 
        Tom should not/ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.(虚拟)
        汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。

动词的定义:

表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。
例如:We have lunch at 12. (have是行为动词)
            We have been to NewYork. (have是助动词) 
            I am hungry. (am是系动词) 
            You need not have waited for me. (need是情态动词) 
            The door needs painting. (need是兼类词)


动词的分类:

1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:
实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词。
例如:We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)
            He has gone to NewYork.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。)
3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:
及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。
例如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
            She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:
限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)。
例如:She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
            She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:
单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)
例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
            Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
            The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(takecareof是动词短语。)
6)动词有五种形态,分别是:
原形(OriginalForm)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。


动词知识体系:


动名词概念:

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰,动名词有时态和语态的变化。


现在分词和动名词用法比较:

动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种形式。他们的句法功能如下:
动词的-ing形式如果作句子的主语或者宾语时,应该是动名词形式;如果作补语或者状语时,应该是现在分词形式。那么作表语或者定语的动名词和现在分词又该怎样区分呢?
1、动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较:
(1)动名词作表语说明主语的内容,回答what的问题;现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,说明主语的性质、特征等,回答how的问题。
如:One of the best exercises is swimming. 游泳是最好的运动项目之一。 
        What pleases him most is bathing in the sea. 最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。 
        The situation both at home and abroad is very in-spiring. 国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。
        The color is pleasing to the eye. 颜色悦目。
(2)动名词作表语,表语和主语几乎处于同等地位,可以互换位置,其句意不变;现在分词作表语,表语和主语则不能互换位置。
如:Our work is serving the people.
      (=Serving the people is our work.)我们的工作是为人民服务。 
        The news was disappointing. 那消息令人失望。
(3)作表语的现在分词前可以用very,quite,rather,greatly等副词修饰,而动名词则不可以。
如:What he said was very encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人心。
        Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future. 我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。
(4)现在分词与形容词一样可以和more,the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级,而动名词则不可以。
如:The story is the most fascinating. 那个故事最迷人。
(5)作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外,还可以和其它的系动词连用;而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。
如:His speech seems inspiring.他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。
        His interest is writing for the news papers. 他的爱好是给报社写文章。
(6)有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有:exciting,moving,inspiring,missing,interesting,disappointing等。
2、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较:
(1)动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系;
现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,常可以扩展成一个定语从句。
如:a swimming girl=a girl who is swimming 一个在游泳的姑娘
        a walking stick=a stick that is used for walking 一根拐杖
(2)现在分词作定语有时可以后置,而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The girl wearing glasses is one of his students. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。
        I bought some reading materials. 我买了一些阅读材料。


 动名词的用法:

1、作主语:
例如:Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 
2、作宾语:  
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。
例如:admit承认 appreciate感激 avoid避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay耽误 deny否认 detest讨厌 endure忍受 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱 fancy想象 finish完成 imagine想象 mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟 practice训练 recall回忆 resent讨厌 resume继续 resist抵抗 risk冒险 suggest建议 face面对 include包括 stand忍受 understand理解 forgive宽恕 keep继续
例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗?
        The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。     
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。
例如:admit to  prefer...to   burst out   keep on   insist on   count on   set about   put off   be good at   take up   give up   be successful in   be used to   lead to  devote oneself to   object to  stick to  no good   no use be fond of   look forward to  be proud of   be busy   can't help  be tired of   be capable of   be afraid of   think of
3、作表语,对主语说明、解释:
例如:Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较:She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4、作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途:
例如:a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
            a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。
例如:boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
            a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机


动名词知识体系:

 


动名词与不定式用法对比:

 


一般现在时的概念:

表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。


一般现在时的用法:

1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。常用的时间状语有every...,sometimes,at...,on Sunday等。
例如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
例如:The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 
            Shang hai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3)表示格言或警句。
例如:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例如:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
例如:I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。  
           Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。   
            I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。  
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。


一般现在时知识体系:

 


一般现在时用法拓展

1、一般现在时表将来:
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。   
       —When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开
       —It stars in ten minutes. ?十分钟后。
2)以here, there 等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。
例如:Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming. 车来了。   
            There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。
例如:When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。   
            I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that 等的宾语从句中。
例如:I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。   
            Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
2、一般现在时代替一般将来时:
When, while, before, fter, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case(that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。
例如:He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。
3、一般现在时代替一般过去时:
1)"书上说","报纸上说"等。
例如:The news paper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 
2)叙述往事,使其生动。
例如:Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了
4、一般现在时代替现在完成时:
1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write, understand, forget, know, find, say, remember等。
例如:I hear(=haveheard)he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 
            I forget(=have forgotten)how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2)用句型"It is…since…"代替"It has been…since…"。
例如:It is(=has been)five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。
5、一般现在时代替现在进行时:
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。
例如:There goes the bell.铃响了。

时态一致

 
1、如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。
例如:At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。 
            He told me last week that he is eighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 
2、宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare的时态是不变的。
例如:He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。


现在完成时的概念:  

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。


现在完成时共有四种主要用法:   

一、现在完成时表示影响:
该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果,同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果,如汉语说“他已离开这个城市了”,其中的“离开”肯定发生了,它对现在的影响或结果就是“他现在已不在这个城市了”;又如汉语说“有人把窗户打破了”,显然“打破窗户”这一动作发生在过去,并且在过去已经完成了,但说话人强调的重点是打破窗户对现在的影响—窗户现在仍是破的。
如:He has left the city. 他已离开这个城市。(结果:他不在这个城市。)   
        Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着。)   
        I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。(结果:我现在无钢笔用。)   
        He has finished his work. 他把工作做完了。(结果:他现在可以做其他的事了。)   

二、现在完成时表示持续:   
该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作或开始的状语在过去并未完成或结束,而是一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束),如汉语说“他在我们学校教书已有30年了”,显然“他在我们学校教书”是从30年前开始,并且一直教到现在,已经持续了30年;又如汉语说“自上个星期以来他一直很忙”,显然“忙”是从上个星期开始的,并且这一“忙”就一直忙到现在。
如:He has taught in our school for 30years. 他在我们学校教书已有30年了。   
        He has been busy since last week. 自上个星期以来他一直很忙。   
        He has worked for us ever since he left school. 他离开学校以后就一直为我们工作。   

三、现在完成时表示重复:   
即表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况,并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去,也有可能到现在就结束。
如:How often have you seen her? 你隔多少见她一次?   
        My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向骑车上班。   

四、现在完成时表示将来:   
同一般现在时可以表示将来一样,现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。
如:I'll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。   
        When you have rested, I'll show you the garden. 等你休息好之后,我领你看我们的花园。


现在完成时知识体系:

 


比较一般过去时与现在完成时:

1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, sofar, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years,always等,皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)
            I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
            Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)
            Who hasn't handed in his paper?(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
            He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
            He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)  
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.


状语从句的概念:

状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。


比较while/as/when:

1、as/when引导短暂性动作的动词例句:
如:Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when引导这个从句,不可用as或while。
如:When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3、从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as,不用when或while。
如:As the day went on, the weather got worse.

比较untill/till


两个连词意义相同,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”,动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”,动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。
正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句例句:I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
                       Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
注意:在肯定句中可用before代替:Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets.
否定句例句:She didn't arrive until 6o'clock. 
                        I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.
1、Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。
例句:Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
2、Untilwhen疑问句中,until要放在句首。
例句:Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?
注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1)Not until…在句首,主句用倒装。
例句:Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.
2)It is not until…that…


状语从句的用种类:

1、时间状语从句:
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引导。   
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.   
       He started as soon as he received the news.   
       Once you see him, you will never forget him.   
       No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.   
2、原因状语从句:
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的,引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as, nowthat(既然)等,for表示因果关系时(它引导的不是从句)为并列连词,语气不如because强。   e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.   
      As it is raining, I will not go out.   
      Now that you mention it, I do remember.   
3、地点状语从句:   
引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。   
e.g. Sit wherever you like.   
      Make a mark where you have a question.   
4、目的状语从句:   
引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so, so that(从句谓语常有情态动词), in order that, in case(以防,以免)等。   
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.   
      She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.   
      He left early in case he should miss the train.   
5、结果状语从句:   
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。由so that(从句谓语一般没有情态动词),so…that, such…that等引导。   
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting.   
      He was so excited that he could not say a word.   
      She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.   
6、条件状语从句:   
条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。
引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。
注意:条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。   
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.   
      You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.   
      So far as I know(据我所知), he will be away for three months.   
      You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank.   
      If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.  
7、让步状语从句:   
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引导。
注意:as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。   
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.   
      Child a she is, he knows a lot.   
      Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind.   
8、方式状语从句:   
方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。   
e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you.   
      He acted as if nothing had happened.   
9、比较状语从句:   
比较状语从句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引导。   
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.   
      He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.   
      The busier he is, the happier he feels.


使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题:  

1、在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中,主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。  
e.g. We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow.   
       I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.   
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句,如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致,是it),从句的谓语又包含动词be,就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。  
e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.   
       If(you are) asked you may come in.   
       If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.   
3、注意区分不同从句:引导的是什么从句,不仅要根据连词,还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例,能引导多种从句。  
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.(地点状语从句)  
       Tell me the address where he lives.(定语从句,句中有先行词)  
       I don't know where he came from.(宾语从句)  
      Where he has gone is not known yet.(主语从句)  
       This place is where they once hid.(表语从句)
注意:表示“一…就…”的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。
例句:I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.
            I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
           As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意:如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构:
例句:Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
            No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.