返回

初中三年级英语

首页
  • 句型转换
    句型转换。
    1.I like vegetables better than meat.(改为同义句)
    I          vegetables          meat.
    2. To study English well is very important.(改为同义句)
                        to study English well.
    3. Some students would like) to start work as soon as possible.(改为同义句)
    Some students. would like to start work as soon as_____           
    4. She lives in a house that she built herself out of trash.(对画线部分提问)
                                            ?
    5. He has seldom been late for school.(改为反意疑问句)
    He has seldom been late for school,          _____ ?
    本题信息:2012年期末题英语句型转换难度一般 来源:孔建伟
  • 本题答案
    查看答案
本试题 “句型转换。1.I like vegetables better than meat.(改为同义句)I vegetables meat.2. To study English well is very important.(改为同义句) to study Engli...” 主要考查您对

疑问副词

情态动词

动词短语

反意疑问句

it 的用法

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 疑问副词
  • 情态动词
  • 动词短语
  • 反意疑问句
  • it 的用法
疑问副词:
用来引导特殊疑问句,表示时间,地点,方式,原因等。
常见的有:when,where,how,why等。

疑问副词的用法:
1.疑问副词是问何时、何地、如何、因何的副词,主要有when, where, how, why。

2.疑问副词用在句首。
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美国待多久了?

3.疑问副词在句中引导名词子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。

4.疑问副词后接不定词构成的名词片语,在句中可以作主词、受词或主词补语。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解决这个问题使他伤透脑筋。
(How to solve the problem作主词。)
I don't know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答这个问题。
(how to answer the question作受词。)
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
这个病人急需这种药,但问题是哪里能找到。
(where to get it作主词补语。)

5.疑问副词引导的名词子句可作主词、受词或主词补语。
When we are to start the competition hasn't fixed yet.
我们什么时候开始比赛还没有定下来。
(When we are to start the competition作主词。)
She asked her husband where he had been.
她问她丈夫去哪里了。
(where he had been 作受词。)
The question is when we can finish our work.
问题是我们何时能完成我们的工作。
(when we can finish our work作主词补语。)


疑问代词与疑问副词的区别:
1. 疑问代词做对陈述句的主语,宾语或定语提问,即做句子的主语,宾语或定语,如what, who/ whom, whose.
eg. Who is talking ? What can you see?
Whose shirt is this?
2.疑问副词对时间,地点,方式等状语提问,如when, where, how 等.
eg. When is your birthday? Where are you going?
How do you know?
常见的疑问代词:what  who  which  whom(只做宾语)
疑问副词:how  where  when
还有whether是疑问连接词。
情态动词:
是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
情态动词有四类:    
①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……    
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare   
③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to    
④情态动词表猜测
注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
常用的有:can  may  could  must   have  use  .

情态动词特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
He could be here soon.他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。

基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:
基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)

除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
Still,she needn't have run away.
5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
Must I read books every day、
No,you needn't


常见情态动词用法:
1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。
3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。
8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。


情态动词功能:
助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。
基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;
情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
1) 构成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3) 构成修辞倒装:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定动词词组:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.

情态动词表推测的用法小结   
(一)情态动词表推测的三种句式    
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。   
(1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?    
          他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。   
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.   
          屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。    
2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。   
(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了。   
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。   
3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。    
 (1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?    
 (2)Can he be at home now?  他现在能在家吗?   
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。   

(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态   
1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.  5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。    
(2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.   
           她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。   
2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
(1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。   
(2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。   
(3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?   
          布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?    
3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。   
(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.  地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。   
(2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。   
(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?    
注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。 
例如:   
(4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.   
     现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)   
(5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look  after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)   
她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。   
(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.   (虚拟)   
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
动词短语:
由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式:
1.动词+副词
①作及物动词,例: 
He brought up his children strictly.   
从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
②作不及物动词,例:    
Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2.动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

3.动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

4.动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

5.动词+名词+介词    
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语:

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒


初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽,走近     
come back回来   
come from来自,源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减  
cut up连根拔除,切碎

5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查                  
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出,熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展,相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回,收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)

10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找,向上看 
look through翻阅,浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱,报复 
pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

19. put
put up张贴,举起,   
put out伸出,扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱           
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面

21. run
run after追逐,追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉,迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起,引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
take down记录,取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
think out(自然)想出办法  
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝               
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食



反义疑问句:
表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。
反意疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。 
2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。
例如:This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 
               This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
速记:
前肯后否,前否后肯,前be后be,前无be后加助,时态一致。

反意疑问句的回答
前肯后否,前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。如:
(1)They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作,不是吗?
Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他们工作不努力
(2)They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的, 他们工作不努力

否定反义疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式,反义疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可:
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的,不是吗?”“是,是新的。”
"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去,不是吗?”“不,他不想去。”
此时,"Yes"即是,对前面"It's new."的肯定。

回答反义疑问句的原则
回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,
如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。
但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
“It is a beautiful flower,isn't it?” “It isn't a beautiful flower,is it?”
上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes,it is."否定为“No,it isn't."
由上述例子可知,反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联,只需注意事实,肯定即用yes,否定用no,无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。

口诀:
反意疑问并不难,陈述疑问句中含。
前后肯否恰相反,否定词缀不能算。
主谓时态要一致,特殊情况记心田。
实际情况来回答,再把yes和no拣。
综上所述,反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。
对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。
要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。
例:
—He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,不是吗?
—Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
—His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
—Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。


快速记忆表:
陈述部分的谓语   疑问部分
I/主语   aren't I / are I
no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词   肯定含义
含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,视为肯定含义   否定含义
ought to(肯定的)   shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.)   don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to+v.   didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v.   hadn't you
would rather + v.   wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v.   wouldn't +主语
must   根据实际情况而定
感叹句   be +主语
指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this   主语用it
并列复合句   谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句   根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导   与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one   复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need   need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词   do/don't +主语
省去主语的祈使句   will/won't you?
Let's 开头的祈使句   Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句   Will you?
there be   相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
否定前缀不能视为否定词   仍用否定形式.
反意疑问句19条:
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth?如:
1)What a fine day it is today!
What a fine day it is today,isn“t it?
2)How fast he runs!
How fast he runs,doesn”t he?
3)What a long time we have been waiting!
What a long time we have been waiting ,haven“t we?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
有些动词如:cost hurt hit put 等,它们的过去时与原型相同,在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.
英语18种特殊的反意疑问句:
1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句,用will you 多表
示“请求”,用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如:    
Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板,好吗?   
Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况:   
1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如:   
Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧,好吗?    
还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。   
2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如:    
Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试,行吗?   
2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时,其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如:   
What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊,是吧?    
3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to,且这些词被用作实义动词时,其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如:   
He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助,是吗?    
4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时,反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如:   
I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作,是吗?   
5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时,反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如:    
Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了,是吧?   
6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如:   
Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了,是吗?   
No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事,对吗?   
7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时,其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如:   
This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机,是吗?   
These are grapes,aren't they? 这些是葡萄,是吗?   
8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时,反意疑问句的主语可以用one,也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如:   
One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人,是吧?   
9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时:few, little, seldom,hardly, never, not,  no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等,其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如:    
He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗?   
10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的,其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如:   
   It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平,是吧?   
11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,其反意疑问句用肯定结构,也可以用否定结构。例如:   
You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到,是吗?   
12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时,反意疑问句的主语应该用it。  例如:   
What you need is more important, isn't it?你需要的东西更重要,是吧?   
13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时,其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致,注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如:   
I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来,对吗?   
14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思,并在句中做谓语时,其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如:   
They had a meeting just now,didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会,是吗?   
15. 陈述部分有have to 时,其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如:   
You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜,对吧?   
16. 陈述部分是there be句型时,其反意疑问句中要用there。例如:   
There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗?   
17. 陈述部分有had better时,反意疑问句中要用hadn't。 例如:   
We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学,好吗?
18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定;要;必须”讲,反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't;
而当must作推测意义“一定 是;必定”讲时,反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如:    
He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理,是吧?   
Tom must be at home,isn't he? 汤姆一定在家,是吧?
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配,是英语语法的重点、难点,又是近几年考试的热点,因此在复习中应给予足够的重视。
It 句型归纳:
1. It is +adj.(+for sb./sth.) + to do sth.
用于此句型的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult,possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。如:
 It is necessary to change your job.
 It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in the snow.
2.It is +n.(+for sb./sth.) + to do sth.
用于此句型的名词有: pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如:
 It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful play.
 It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
3.It is +adj.+of sb.+to do sth.
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如:
 How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!
 It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house.
4.It is +adj.(+n.)+doing sth.
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有:no/little use, no/much good, useless等。如:
 It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
5.It takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth. 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如:
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the sea.
6.It is +及物动词的过去分词+that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有:said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如:
It is reported that the Russian President will visit China next week.
7.It +不及物动词+that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有:seem, happen, appear, matter等。如:
 It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow.
 It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday.
8.强调句型:It is+被强调部分+that/who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意,指人时可以用who或that,其它情况一律用that。如:
 It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning.
 It is Mr Bell who/that often comes and looks after the old man.
9.It is/has been+一段时间+since从句。如:
It is /has been three years since we saw each other last.
10.It is (high) time that sb. did sth.
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”,从句常用过去时(虚拟语气)说明现在应该做的事情。如:
 It’s six o’clock.It is high time that we went home now.

It 常用的固定搭配:
1. make it
(1)在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例  It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
(2)在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”
例  —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
(1)相当于in fact,in reality表示“事实上,实际情况是……”
例  We had planed to finish the task today,but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.
(2)相当于方式状语从句,表示“照原样”
例  Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were
相当于as one might say,that is to say,表示“也就是说,可以说,换句话说”
例  He is,as it were,a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…
用来引导虚拟语气,相当于without,or but for,表示“如果不是……,要不是……”
例  If it weren't for Tom,I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
(1)相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止,没有别的了”
例  You can have one more sweet,and that's it.
(2)相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例  — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it
在口语中,相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂,受责备,受批评,受惩罚”
例  We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.
7. have it
(1)相当于say,insist表示“说,主张,表明,硬说”
例  Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2)相当于get to know something,表示“了解,知道,获悉”
例  I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes
在口语中,相当于be well qualified for,表示“具有成功的条件”
例  You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.
9. so it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it!(Don't give up!)
相当于go on,表示“继续做,不放弃”
例  My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it!(Go on!)拼命干,莽撞
12. Now you have done it!(You have done sth. wrong.)
13. Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)
14. As it happened,…
在口语中,相当于it's a pity that…,表示“真不凑巧,真遗憾”
例  As it happened,they were out.
15. As it turned out,…
在口语中,相当于it was found to be in the end,表示“最后被证明是”
例  As it turned out,his statement was false.
16. Such as it is(they are)
在口语中,相当于although it may not be worth much,表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例  You can borrow my exam notebook,such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy.
相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,存住气”
例  Take it easy! He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.
在口语中,相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话,我敢担保”
例  You can take it from me that he will make it this time.
19. For what it is worth…
在口语中,相当于although I'm not sure it's of value,表示“不管其价值如何”
例  Here is the article I promise you,for what it's worth.
20. Worth it
在口语中,相当于useful,表示“有好处,值得做”
例  Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例  Believe it or not,Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例  That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends
在口语中,相当于it hasn't been decided yet,表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来”
例  —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.
24. It's up to sb.
在口语中,相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定,由……负责,取决于……”
例  —Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.

it用法小结:
It用作实词
表达以下概念:
指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this, that;
替代前文中的内容;
指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;
指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;
指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。

一、it 作人称代词的用法
1. 指事物
作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:
I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。
It’s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦,可是我乐意干。
“Where is the dog?” “It’s in the bedroom. ” “狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。
2. 指人
it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:
Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?
There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门,一定是邮递员。
【说明】在答语中,常用来指本人,如说 It’s me。
3. 代替某些代词
代词 it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等。如:
“What’s this?” “It’s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。
Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题,是吗?

二、it 作非人称代词的用法
1. 基本用法
it 作非人称代词的用法,主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:
It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。
It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。
It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。
2. 用于某些句型
It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。
It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s + 时间段 + since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。
It’s + 时间段 + before-从句. 过多长的时间才……

三、it用作形式主语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:
It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。
It’s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。
2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型
(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。
It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话,真是太蠢了。
【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是:
of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等,介词for表示对象,意为“对……来说” 。
(2) It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。
【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体:It took me an hour to write the letter.
=The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时
(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事
It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。
(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……
It seemed as though he didn’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。
It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。
(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……
If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助,这些困难我们不克服不了的。

四、it用作形式宾语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。
其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如:
I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。
2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构
(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如:
I like it that you came. 你来了,我很高兴。
I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。
You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。
(2) 动词 + it + when (if)-从句。如:
I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。
I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。
(3) 动词 + prep + it + that-从句。如:
See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。
Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。
You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you. 你放心,他会来接你的。
I can’t answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。
(4) 动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如:
I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。
I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。

it在强调句中的使用
It is+被强调部分+that(who)+其他
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 
2. 在强调原因状语从句时,只能强调由because所引导的从句。
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上。
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别。
5. 不管被强调部分是单数还是复数,其前一律用It is / It was,而不能用They are / There were之类的。
6. 被强调部分是指人时,被强调部分后可用that / who,被强调部分指物时,被强调部分后只能用that。
7. 被强调部分是指时间或地点时,被强调部分后通常用that,一般不用when,where之类的。例:
It is I who am right. 是我对。
It was you that were wrong. 是你错了。
It was in the Japan that he died. 他是死于日本。
It was yesterday that he got married. 他是昨天结婚的。
It was a computer that he bought last week. 他上个星期买的是一台电脑。
Where was it that she lived? 她是住在什么地方?
When was it that he left for Japan? 他是什么时候离开去日本的?
Who is it that teaches you English? 是谁教你们英语?