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初中二年级英语

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  • 填空题
    用所给词的正确形式填空。
    1. She said she               (watch) TV at this time yesterday.
    2. I think I________(stay) at home tomorrow.
    3. He invited her ________(dance)for me.
    4. My sister would like________ (be) a movie star.
    5. I'm against ________ (stay) here. We must go now.
    6. I think there will be ________ (little) pollution in ten years.
    7. If it             (not rain), we'll go to the park tomorrow.
    8. While the alien was _________ (visit) the museum, the boy called the TV station.
    9. In English, I'm ________ (good) at reading than listening.
    10. For many young people, becoming a ________ (profession) athlete seems like a dream job.
    本题信息:2010年期中题英语填空题难度一般 来源:张雪
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本试题 “用所给词的正确形式填空。1. She said she (watch) TV at this time yesterday.2. I think I________(stay) at home tomorrow.3. He invited her ________(da...” 主要考查您对

形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级

形容词

不定式

动名词

过去进行时

一般将来时

状语从句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级
  • 形容词
  • 不定式
  • 动名词
  • 过去进行时
  • 一般将来时
  • 状语从句
形容词的比较级:
当两种物体之间相互比较时,我们要用形容词或副词的比较级;
当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时,我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。

形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则:
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased

二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
    ---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)

三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler,  cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest /  more clever , most clever

四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...


形容词的比较级和最高级用法:
形容词比较等级用法:
 1.没有比较对象时,用原级。
 I have a new computer.
 2.两者比较,程度相同。
 A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B.
 Our school is as beautiful as theirs.
 3.两者比较,程度不同。
 A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B.
 The weather here is not as hot as that in the south.
 4.A比B更…
 The earth is bigger than the moon.
 5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,a bit,any等修饰。
 Your room is much bigger than mine.
 I’m a little shorter than her.
 6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义:
 John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys.
 两者不属于同一范畴,不能用other.
 Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang.
 7.“比较级+and+比较级”   表示“越来越…”
 China is becoming more and more beautiful.
 Days are getting longer and longer.
 8.用the+比较级,the+比较级  表示”越…就越…”.
 The busier he is, the happier he feels.
 9. Which/Who+is+比较级     A或B?
 A和B哪一个/谁更…?
 Which is better,this one or that one?

 最高级用法:
 表示三者或三者以上的人或物的比较,一个在某方面超过其他两个或多个时,用最高级,结构是
 主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of/in短语。
 This story is the most interesting of the three.
 1. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数
 它的意思是最…之一。
 English is one of the most important languages in the world.
 2. which/who…+is+形容词最高级
 “…最...”
 Which is the heaviest,the horse,the sheep or the elephant?
3.最高级前可以用序数词
 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则:

构成 

 原级

比较级 

最高级 

一般加er,est

 tall

taller 

tallest 

以字母e结尾只
加 r,st

 large

larger 

largest 

以一个辅音字母结尾的
重读闭音节,双写这一辅
音字母后再加er,est

 red

redder 

reddest 

 hot

 hotter

hottest 

 thin

 thinner

thinnest 


以辅音字母+y结尾的词,
将y变为i再加er,est

easy 

 easier

easiest

happy

 happier

happiest 

 ugly

 uglier

ugliest 

 early

 earlier

earliest 

其他双音节词和多
音节词,在词前
加more或most

 interesting

more interesting 

most interesting 


形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
动名词:
如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。


动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。


动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语 
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
     Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.   
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
No parking. (禁止停车)   
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语   
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
2.作介词的宾语   
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
3.作形容词的宾语   
The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping


动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态、语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being  written
完成式
having written
having been written

动名词使用注意事项:
1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
4) 有些词后只能接动名词
acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
例:remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
 forget与remember的用法类似。
 regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
 try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.
过去进行时:
表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+V-ing。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
last night,last Saturday等;
或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用。
过去进行时的结构:
1. 过去进行时由“主语+was/were + 现在分词”构成
eg: We were having supper when the phone rang. 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。
2. 过去进行时的否定式由“主语+was/were not +现在分词”构成
eg: This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候,杰克不是在看电视,而是在修理自行车。
3. 过去进行时的疑问式由“was/were +主语+ 现在分词”组成
eg: Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 你们在干什么昨天下午的时间啊  回答我啊?

过去进行时和一般过去时的区别:
一、二者概念理解
一般过去时叙述旧事,过去进行时描述背景。
A、一般过去时
1.过去状态、动作或事件
He went to Beijing the other day.(带具体时间)
2.过去的习惯
a would ,used to与过去时
would 表间断性不规则的习惯,常带频率时间
used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯
They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.
He smoked a lot two years ago. (过去行为)
bWould 用于文中不用于句首,只表过去习惯。
Used to 表今昔对比的含义,叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。
When he was a boy , he would often go there . (叙述过去)
She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)
c 表示状态时一般只用used to
Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)
dwas (were) used to +ving表示“合适于,适应于…..”
He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常)
He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)
3.过去的经历,平行动作,依此事件用一般过去时。
He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)
4.客气委婉的语气,用于情态动词,助动词和want , wonder , hope 等
How did you like the film? / Could you help me?

B. 过去进行时
1.在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生
What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)
2.性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算
During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)
3.lways ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱,讨厌等感情色彩。
He was always Changing his mind.

二、区别
A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
I was reading the book at that time. (未读完,“读”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已读完,表整个“读”)
B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词,故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用,表反复,连续发生,不可用一般过去时)
C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
例:He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时,但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时,两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时,长的用进行时。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.


过去进行时的基本用法:
过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如:
He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。   
2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。   
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。   
3. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、 
厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。如:
They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。   
4. 动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。   
比较:He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)   
   He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)

特殊用法

1、当句子意思很清楚时,我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时
We listened carefully when the teacher read the text. 老师读课文时,我们都仔细地听着。
2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。
用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
如:He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。
3、表示故事发生的背景。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时,天正下着雪。
4、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作,这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later,he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette.
5分钟后,他已站在门口抽着烟。
5、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应,含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street when someone called me.
我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
6、用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
7、与always,constantly等词连用,表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。


一般将来时:
表示将来某一时刻的发生动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
一般句型有:
肯定句:
I/We shall/will go. You/He/She/They will go.
否定句:
I/We shall/will not go. You/He/She/They will not go.
疑问句:
Shall I/we go? Will you/he/she/they go?
简略回答:
(肯)Yes,主语shall/will (否) No,主语 shall/will not
特殊疑问句:
一般将来时的特殊疑问句是将疑问词放在句首,后接一般疑问句(就主语提问时,以疑问词who开头的疑问词除外)
Why will you be here on Sunday?(周日你为什么将要在这儿?)
I will have a meeting on Sunday(我将要在周日举行一个聚会)
(对特殊疑问句要进行具体回答)
一般疑问句:
be或will提到句首,some改any,and改or,第一二人称互换
We are going to go on an outing this weekend.
Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?
被动句:
will/shall+be+v.ed(及物动词过去分词)
The letter will be sent tomorrow.
这封信明天将寄出去
We shall be punished if we break the rule.
如果我们违反规定,我们将受到惩罚。


一般将来时的构成:
1. 用will或shall表示   
“助动词will或shall+动词原形”这一形式,表示将来发生的事情,用于征求对方的意见或表示客气的邀请。在口语中will用于所有人称,书面语中第一人称常用shall,如:   
①Tomorrow will be Sunday. 明天就是星期天。    
②The rain will stop soon. 雨很快就要停了。    
③Shall we go there at five? 我们五点钟去那儿,好吗?   
④Will you please open the door? 请你把门打开,好吗?   
2. 用be going to结构表示    
“be going to+动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象 表明必将发生某事,意为“打算;就要”。如:    
①We’re going to meet outside the school gate. 我们打算在校门口见面。    
②Look! It's going to rain. 瞧!快下雨了。   
3. 用现在进行时表示   
表示位置转移的动词(如:go, come, leave, start, arrive等),可用现在进行时表示将来时。如:   
①Uncle Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了。   
②They’re leaving for Beijing. 他们即将前往北京。   
4. 用一般现在时表示   
根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作,在时间和条件状语从句中,都可用一般现在时表示将来时。如:   
①The new term starts (begins) on August 29th. 新学期八月二十九日开学。    
②If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go out for a picnic.
如果明天不下雨,我们将出去野餐。   
5. 用“be+动词不定式”或用“be about to +动词原形”的结构表示,如:   
①He is to visit Japan next year. 明年他将访问日本。    
②They’re about to leave. (=They’re leaving.) 他们就要走了。

be going to与will的区别:
be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事,但它们有如下几点区别:
1. be going to 表示近期、将要发生的事情,will 表示的将来的时间则较远一些,如:
He is going to write a letter tonight.
He will write a book one day.
2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。
He is seriously ill. He is going to die.
He will be twenty years old.
3. be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如:
She is going to lend us her book.
He will be here in half an hour.
4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如:
If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you

shall和will区别:
1.shall和will常常缩写成'll,紧接在主语之后。其否定式 shall not 和will not 的缩写式分别为 shan't 和 won't。
基本句型:
be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。后+动词原形。
be about to+动词原形,意为马上作某事,不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
2.will和shall在句子中所表达的“意志”是不同的,当句子主语是第一人称(I)的时候表示的是主语 I 的自主“意志”。
例:I will be clear tomorrow . 我会把这件事弄个水落石出
分析:这个句子中用will时,主语 I(我) 就带有强烈的意志,意思是我想让事情水落石出,并且有我会为此付诸努力的意思。
3.当第一人称,用shall的时候就是一个普通的句子,就没有主语的意志。
I shall come back in ten minutes .这句话就是单纯的说 我会在10分钟后回来 没有别的意思
I will come back in ten minutes. 而这句话就有一种意境上的不同。
我会在10分钟后回来,其中的意思还有,就算我有事耽搁了我也会想办法在10分钟后回来的意思
4.shall在第二 、三人称时也和will在第一人称一样。也只有在二三人称才带有意志,只不过shall带有的是“说话者”的意志。而不是主语的意志。
如:he shall be rewarded. 他会得到回报
分析这句话更深度的意思,我说过在shall用在第二三人称时有强烈的“说话者”的意志。
而这句话的“说话者”意志就是 他会得到回报,就算他没有得到回报“说话者”也会想办法让“he”得到回报。


一般现在时的用法:
基本用法:
(1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。
例如:I will(shall) arrive tomorrow.我明天到。(主语是第一人称时最好用shall)
Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗?
We won’t (shan’t) be busy this evening. 我们今晚不忙。
(2)在一般将来时的句子中,有时有表示将来时间的状语,有时没有时间状语,这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。
例如:Will she come? 她(会)来吗?
(3)在以第一人称I或we作主语的问句中,一般使用助动词shall,这时或是征求对方的意见(a),或是询问一个情况(b):
a. Where shall we meet? 我们在哪儿碰头?
b. Shall we have any classes tomorrow?明天我们有课吗?
在这类问句中,近几年来也有不少人用will,特别是在美国。例如:
How will I get there? 我怎么去?
(4)be going to+ 动词原形
a.表示计划、打算、准备做的事。例如:
We are going to put up a building here.我们打算在这里盖一座楼。
How are you going to spend your holidays?假期你准备怎样过?
b.表示即将发生或肯定要发生的事。例如:
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪了。

其他用法:
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“shall(第一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成”外,还有以下几种形式。
一.“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或打算进行的事。例如:
①It is going to rain. 要下雨了。
②We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开会。
二.go, come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay,live,fly,等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作(行进式动词)。
例如:I'm leaving for Beijing.
三.“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如:
①Are we to go on with this work?我们继续干吗?
②The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学。
四.“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作,意为:很快,马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。例如:
We are about to leave.我们马上就走。
五.某些词,如come, go, leave, arrive, start, get, stay ,live,fly等的一般现在时也可表示将来。
①The meeting starts at five o'clock.会议五点开始。
②He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车。
六。“be due to"构成的谓语,意味“定于…”也可表示将来时。


主将从现:
主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句和让步状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。
主将从现常见的有以下四种情况:
一、时间状语从句的主句是一般将来时,那么从句常常用一般现在时。
如: When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients.我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。

二、如果主句是祈使句,那么从句通常要用一般现在时
如:Don’t laugh at me when I make a mistake.我犯错误的时候不要笑话我。

三、如果主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时,根据需要从句多用一般现在时
如:You should be quiet when you are in the reading room.在阅览室时应保持安静。

四、 如果if的条件状语从句遇到变换间接和直接时 , 祈使句应用not to....
如:She said not to close the window
常见的时间状语从句的连词有:as soon as,when,while ,as,until等
主将从现说的是在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中,如果主句的时态是一般将来时,那么从句要用一般现在时。例如:
I will tell him about it when he comes.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.
如果主句的时态是过去将来时,那么从句要用一般过去时。例如:
He said that he would have another try if he had the chance.
I knew he could help me if he was free the next day.
主要标志有:if 、unless 、until、 when 、as soon as
状语从句:
指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。
从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
状语从句分类:
1、时间状语从句
常用引导词:
when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词:
the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2、地点状语从句
常用引导词:
where
特殊引导词:
wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3、原因状语从句
常用引导词:
because, since, as, for
特殊引导词:
seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

4、目的状语从句
常用引导词:
so that, in order that
特殊引导词:
lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5、结果状语从句
常用引导词:
so that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词:
such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6、条件状语从句
常用引导词:
if, unless,
特殊引导词:
as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7、让步状语从句
常用引导词:
though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词:
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won't listen whatever you may say.

8、比较状语从句
常用引导词:
as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词:
the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。

9、方式状语从句
常用引导词:
as, as if, how
特殊引导词:
the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

状语从句用法:
时间状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
①.when引导的时间状语从句,其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作的动词,而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如:
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)
when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking.
当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前)
② when还可表示just then(正在那时,突然)的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如:
we were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.
比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
(2) as引导的时间状语从句
as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的,而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生:
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.
她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes.
寒流一过,星期日就会有点暖意了。
(3) while引导的时间状语从句
while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”,其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的,并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如:
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.
当老师用英语解释课文时,学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work.
我可以边工作边学习。
(4) before引导的时间状语从句
① before“在……之前”
I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在我的导师出国之前,我已完成了我的学位论文。
I’ll be back before you have left.
你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“……之后才”
It may be many years before we meet again.
可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back.
他三天后才回来。
(5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词,其他连词还有once,directly,immediately,instantly,the instant (that),the minute(that) ,the moment(that)等,它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如:
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们一到家,电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
老师一进来,大家就静了下来。
(6) hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句
关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”,它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如:
He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
(7) since引导的时间状语从句
在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时:
We’ve never met since we graduated from the college.
大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走了以后,这里发生了巨大变化。
(8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义,作“直到……时(为止)”解,till多用于非正式文体,until多用于句首。如:
Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework.
等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
(9) whenever/each time/every time引导的时间状语从句
whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当;每次”解,each time和every time与whenever同义,通常可以与它换用。如:
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。
Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together,heat is produced.
某些化学物质被混到一起时,就会产生热。
Whenever/ Every time/ Each time I met her, she was studying.
我每次看见她时,她总是在学习。

状语从句 - 地点状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
从属连词where“在(或到)……的地方”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.
把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。如:
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如:
Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。
Avoid structure of this kind where possible.
只要可能,就要避免这种结构。
(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句
从属连词wherever“在(或到)……的各个地方”:
You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.
专家每到一处, 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。

状语从句 - 原因状语从句
 (1) because引导的原因状语从句
because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由,着重点在从句,其所引导的从句,为全句句意的中心所在。
通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,除特别强调外,该从句一般位于主句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it.
我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
(2) as引导的原因状语从句
as引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和since换用。如:
As I didn’t know the way,I asked a policeman.
我不认识路,因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。
(3) since引导的原因状语从句
since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和as换用。如:
Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.
既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ,I’ll ask someone else.
你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。
(4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句
now(that)“因为;既然”,通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去,用来表示一种新的情况,再加以推论。如:
Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格,就可以独自开车了。
I do remember,now (that) you mention it.
你这一提,我倒的确想起来了。
(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句
Seeing (that)“鉴于;由于”,通常用于非正式文体。如:
Seeing (that) the weather is bad,we’ll stay at home.
天气不好,我们还是呆在家里吧。
Seeing that he’ s ill,he’s unlikely to come.
(6) in that引导的原因状语从句
in that“因为;基于……的理由”,可以和because换用,多用于正式文体,它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如:
Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
广告不同于其他交际形式,因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.
我的处境有点难堪,因为他要十号才来。

状语从句 - 目的状语从句
 (1) in order that引导的目的状语从句
in order that“为了;以便”。多用于正式文体,通常可以与so that换用。如:
You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
专家讲得很慢,以便人人听得懂。
(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句
so that“为了;以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用,它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后,在非正式文体中,常省略that。如:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.
她要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
(3) in case/for fear (that)/lest等引导的目的状语从句
in case,for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的,意思是“以免”,“以防”。
in case多用于英国英语,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式,也可以是虚拟语气形式;
for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may,might,should等情态动词;
lest用于正式文体,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如:
Take your umbrella with you,lest it should rain.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.
他带了一把伞,以防下雨。
状语从句 - 结果状语从句
(1) so that引导的结果状语从句
① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后,中间可以有逗号。如:
Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
突然下起了大雨,几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.
琳达到达后给我打了电话,因而我知道她平安无事。
②“so that”既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。
究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目的状语从句,除了根据句意来判断外,还可根据结构形式来加以判断。
若从句前有逗号,一般为结果状语从句,如果从句中有情态动词,通常则为目的状语从句。如:
They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train.
他们早早就出发了,所以没误火车。(结果状语从句)
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.
他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句)
(2) so...that引导的结果状语从句
so...that“如此……以致”,that在非正式文体中可以省略,so后面接形容词或副词。如:
She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.
现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(3) such...that引导的结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容是:such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。
其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数,也可以是不可数名词。
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如:
The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快,不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed.
(=The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)
教授讲了个很有趣的故事,(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
(4) such that引导的结果状语从句
such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体,主句为“主—系—表”句型。如:
The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows.
爆炸的力量很大,所有的窗户都被炸掉了。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他气得不能克制自己的感情。

状语从句 - 条件状语从句 
(1) if引导的条件状语从句
if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如:
If he said that,he can’t be telling the truth.
如果他说了那样的话,他不可能是说实话。
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句
unless引导的是否定条件状语从句,在意义上相当于if...not,而且语气较强,一般不用于虚拟语气。如:
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
你会迟到的,如果不赶快的话。
(3) if only引导的条件状语从句
if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要;如果”。如:
I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.
只要你把车保养好,我就让你用。
(4) as/so long as引导的条件状语从句
as/so long as意为“只要;如果”。如:
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
只要不下雨我们就能玩。
(5) provided (that)/providing (that)引导的条件状语从句
provided (that)/providing (that)意为“如果;只要”。如:
I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.)
假如为我负担费用,我就同意去。
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret.
状语从句 - 让步状语从句
(1) although/though引导的让步状语从句
although和though,都作“虽然;尽管”解,通常可以换用,although的语气较重。
如果要强调“但是”语气,可使用yet,still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。
Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him.
虽然和她谈了半天,他还是不能让她信任自己。
(2) even if引导的让步状语从句
even if “即使,纵然”,从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如:
Even if it rains tomorrow,we won’t change our plan.
即使明天下雨,我们也决不改变计划。
Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment.
即使我再次失败,我也决不会放弃实验。
(3) even though引导的让步状语从句
even though“虽然,尽管”,从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况,通常可以和although/though换用。如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word,I kept smiling.
即使我一个字也不懂,我还是保持微笑。
Even though you say so,I do not believe it.
即使你这样说,我也不信。
(4) much as引导的让步状语从句
much as“虽然,尽管”,通常可以和although/though换用:
Much as I’d like to,I can’t come.
我虽然很想来,但是来不了。
Much as I admire his courage,I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
(5) while引导的让步状语从句
while“虽然,尽管”,多用于正式文体,通常可换作although/though。如:
While I understand your point of view,I do not share it.
我虽了解你的观点,但不敢苟同。
While I sympathize,I really can’t do very much to help.
虽然我很同情,但我确实帮不了什么忙。
(6) whatever/No matter what引导的让步状语从句
whatever和no matter what用法相同,都作“无论什么”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whatever/No matter what he says,don’t go.
不管他说什么,你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task,whatever/no matter what happens.
不管发生什么了,我们决心完成任务。
(7) whichever/no matter which引导的让步状语从句
whichever和no matter which用法相同,都作“无论哪个”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whichever/No matter which you buy, there is a six-month guarantee.
不论你买哪个,都有六个月的保修期。
Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was determined to find them.
不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包,芭芭拉决心找到他们。
(8) whoever/no matter who引导的让步状语从句
whoever和no matter who用法相同,都作“无论谁”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
You can’t come in, whoever you are.
不管你是谁,都不能进来。
Whoever/No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy.
不管谁要我接电话, 就说我现在正忙着呢。
(9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句
wherever和no matter where用法相同,都作“无论在(或到)哪里”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Wherever/No matter where you go, I’m Right Here Waiting fo ryou.
无论你到哪里,我都依然在这里等着你。
(10) however/no matter how引导的让步状语从句
however和no matter how用法相同,都作“无论如何……”解,后者多用于非正式文体。
However much you regret doing that, there is nothing you can do about it now.
无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事,现在也无济于事了。
However high it may be,it can’t reach the sky.
它不论有多高,也高不到天上去。
(11) whenever/no matter when引导的让步状语从句
whenever和no matter when用法相同,都作“无论何时”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whenever I’m unhappy,he cheers me up.
每当我不高兴时,他就给我鼓劲儿。
(12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句
whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同,都作“不论……还是”解,后者的语气强一些。如:
When It Rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.
无论下不下雨,我们星期天一定踢足球。
(13) as引导的让步状语从句
as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然;尽管”和“即使”解,但是它不位于句首,在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如:
Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it.
虽然你可能很有力气,你却无法把它提起来。
Late as it was, they continued to study.
时间尽管不早了,他们仍继续学习。

状语从句 - 方式状语从句
(1) as引导的方式状语从句
as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式;如同……那样”,从句有时是省略句。如:
Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
(2) as if/as though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though的用法相同,都作“好像,仿佛”解。如:
二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。
但也可用陈述语气,表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如:
They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad.
他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。
They look as if/as though they know each other.
他们看来好像互相认识。

状语从句 - 比较状语从句
(1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句
as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
We were as fortunate as them (they were)
我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
(2) not so/as...as 引导的比较状语从句
not so/as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
That’s not so/as simple as it sounds.
那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
(3) than引导的比较状语从句
than引导的比较状语从句表示同等比较,主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
He has lived here longer than I(has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
They love the girl than(they love) him.
他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。
(4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。