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    When we're learning a foreign language, making sense of what we hear is the first step toward fluency. It sounds obvious, but until recently, we didn't know much about how listening works. New research shows that effective listening involves more than simply hearing the words that float past our ears. Rather, it's an active process of analysing information and making meaning.
    Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead to excellent comprehension. In addition to that benefit, research has shown that learners who adopt these strategies become better listeners.
    So what are listening strategies? Skilled learners go into a listening activity with a sense of what they want to get out of it. They set a goal for their listening, and they make predictions about what the speaker will say. Before the talking begins, they review what they already know about the subject, and form an intention to “listen out for”what's important. Once they begin listening, these learners maintain their focus; if their attention wanders, they bring it back to the words being spoken. They don't allow themselves to be thrown off by confusing or unfamiliar details. Instead, they take note of what they don't understand and later make inferences(推测)about what those things might mean, based on other clues available to them: their previous knowledge of the subject, the identity of the speaker, and so on. All the while, skilled learners are evaluating what they're hearing and their own understanding of it. They're checking their inferences to see if they're correct.
    Such strategies are all about thinking, and they produce a variety of benefits. Research indicates that such learners are better at analysing and storing new information, better at finding the best ways to practice what they have learned. Last year, for example, University of Ottawa researcher Larry Vandergrift published his study of 106 undergraduates who were learning French as a second language. Half of the students were taught in a traditional fashion, listening to and practicing texts spoken aloud. The other half, dealing with the same skill level and taught by the same teacher, were given clear instruction on how to listen. In the journal Language Learning, Vandergrift reported the results: The second group “significantly outperformed(胜过)” the first one on a test of comprehension. In a 2006 study by researchers from Singapore, Chinese speakers who were learning English as a second language reported increased motivation and confidence after they were taught metacognitive strategies.
    Though listening is often treated as a way to make others feel appreciated, it's also one of the most powerful tools we have to gain information and insight(洞察力).
    General idea of paragraphs
    		Detailed information
    __小题1:__of effective listening
    		It includes our hearing the words and _小题2:_of the information to get the meaning.
    The _小题3:__of specific listening strategies
    		★It will lead to excellent comprehension.
    ★Learners _小题4:_them can become better listeners.
     Listening strategies
    		★Review the _小题5:__fact about the subject.
    ★Set a goal for listening.
    ★__小题6:__the speaker's information.
    ★Maintain the _小题7:__on the words being spoken.
    ★Take note of the confusing details for later inferences.
    ★Evaluate the information being heard, the understanding of it and its __小题8:__.
    The results of the experiment
    本题信息：英语完形填空难度一般 来源:未知
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    • 本试题 “When we're learning a foreign language, making sense of what we hear is the first step toward fluency. It sounds obvious, but until recently, we di...” 主要考查您对

    缩写与简写

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    • 缩写与简写

    缩写与简写的概念：

    用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
    如：Foreign Language Teaching Agency→FLTA上海外教网
            Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
            Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL
            Teach English as a Second Language→TESL
            Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试


    缩写的几种类型：

    1、单词缩写应省略在辅音之后，元音之前：
    英文单词缩写一般以辅音结尾，而不以元音结尾。如American省略为Am，而不省略为Ame或Amer，Medicine或Medical缩写为Med，European缩写为Eur等。但Science例外，缩写为Sci，可能是因为元音I之后又是元音E的缘故。缩写刊名每个词首字母必须大写，而不可全部都用大写或小写。
    2、压缩字母法：
    仅个别单词采用压缩字母方式缩写。
    如：Japanese缩写为Jpn而不是Jan
            National应缩写为Natl而不是Nat
    经常有读者将Japanese写成Jan是参考文献著录中常见的错误。
    如：Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology，应缩写为JpnJOphthalmol，National Cancer Institute Research Report缩写为NatlCancerInstResRep。而Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写，如：NatureMedicine, Naturebiotechnology分别缩写为NatMed, NatBiotechnol。
    另外CN是中国的国别代码，期刊缩写刊名中，ChinaChinese不得缩写为CN，而应缩写为Chin.采用压缩写法是为了避免与其他常用缩写混淆。
    如：Japanese不能缩写为Jan,可能是Jan是January的固定缩写形式，National缩写为Natl而不缩写为Nat,可能是Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写。
    3、学科名称缩写：
    刊名中学科名称缩写很常见，因而了解学科名缩写规则非常必要。凡以-ogy结尾的单词，一律将词尾-ogy去掉，如Cardiology缩写为Cariol，Biology缩写为Biol,以-ics结尾的学科名词，缩写时将-ics或连同其前面若干字母略去。如：Physics缩写为Phys。以-try结尾的词，缩写时将-try连同前面若干字母略去。如：chemistry缩写为Chem。其中也包括其他形容词的缩写。
    4、刊名中常用词和特殊单词的缩写：
    期刊名中有些常用单词可以缩写为一个字母。
    如：Journal缩写为J
            Quarterly缩写为Q
            Royal缩写为R
            New缩写为N
            South缩写为S
    5、刊名首字母组合：
    有些杂志名称缩写采用首字母组合，而且已被固定下来，一般都是国际上有较大影响的期刊，并得到国际上众多索引性检索工具的认同。
    如：The Journal of American Medical Association缩写为JAMA， British Medical Journal缩写为BMJ等。
    6、国家名称的缩写：
    刊名中国家名称的缩写分为两种情况。如国家名称为单个词汇，缩写时常略去词尾或词的后部分若干字母。
    如：American缩写为Am
            British缩写为Br
            Chinese缩写为Chin
    而国家名称由多个词组组成时，常取每个词的首字母，如United States of America 缩写为USA或US。
    7、虚词一律省略：
    有许多虚词，如the, of, for, and, on, from, to等，在缩写时均省去。
    如：Journal of chemistry缩写为J chem
           Archives of Medical Research缩写为Arch Med Res


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