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First aid is emergency care for a victim(受害人) of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical
treatment is available. It may save a life or improve certain important signs including pulse, temperature,
clear airway (气道), and breathing.  In minor emergencies, first aid may prevent a victim's condition from
turning worse and provide relief from pain. First aid must be done as quickly as possible.  In the case of
the seriously injured, a  few minutes can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life.
First-aid measures depend upon a victim's needs and the provider's level of knowledge and skill.
Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do.Improperly moving a
person with a neck injury, for example, can lead to permanent spinal(脊柱的 ) injury  and  paralysis
(瘫痪) .
Despite the variety of injuries possible, several rules of first aid apply to all emergencies.  The first step
is to call for expert medical help. The victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been
requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid.  Next,  assess (评估) the scene, asking
other people or the injured person's family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that
may have already been given, and pre-existing conditions such as diabetes(糖尿病) or heart trouble. The
victim should be checked for a medical card that describes special conditions. Unless the accident scene
becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not move the victim.
First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to decide whether life-threatening conditions exist. One
method for accessing a victim's condition is known by the acronym(首字母缩写词) ABC, which stands
for:
A-Airway: Is it open and clear?
B-Breathing: Is the person breathing? Look,listen, and feel for breathing.
C-Circulation: Is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding externally? Check skin color and temperature
for additional indications of circulation problems.

1. First aid may bring about all the following results EXCEPT     .

A. saving a victim's life
B. preventing a victim's condition from getting worse
C. relieving a victim from pain
D. helping a person avoid sudden illness or injury

2. Before we offer first aid to a victim, it is very important for us       .

A. to make sure what to do and what not to do
B. to refer to all kinds of handbooks on first aid
C. to remove the ring or bracelet he/she may be wearing
D. to take him/her to a hospital at once

3. In giving first aid to a victim,  you should first of all       .

A. remove his/her from the accident scene
B. turn him/her over
C. call for professional medical help
D. examine him/her carefully

4. You may assess (评价) a victim's condition by all the following EXCEPT       .

A. checking whether there is a pulse
B. looking, listening and feeling for breathing
C. replacing his/her medical card
D. examining whether the airway is open and clear

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