本试题 “I thought Tom was dropping his head low______ the text, _____, in fact he was sleeping.[ ]A. to read, whenB. to be reading, sinceC. read, whereD. r...” 主要考查您对并列连词
现在分词
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
并列连词的概念：
连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。
并列连词与并列结构：
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1）and与or：
判断改错：
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：第一句：and连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk应改为talked。
第二句：and连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang应改为sing。
第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）
如：Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2）both...and 两者都
如：She plays(both) the piano and the guitar.
3）not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且
如：She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar.
注意：not only…but also关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。
如：Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4）neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。
如：Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较so和such ：
so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。
构成：so+adj.
such+a(n)+n.
so+adj.+a(n)+n.
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.(pl.)
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.[不可数]
such+n.[不可数]
如：so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many/few flowers
such nice flowers
so much/ little money.
such rapid progress
so many people
such a lot of people
注：so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
并列连词用法点拨：
1、表示并列关系：
1）or意思为“否则”。
如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2）either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
如：Either you or I am right.
2、表示转折或对比关系：
1）but表示转折，while表示对比。
如：Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题：
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and
B. so
C. as
D. but
答案：D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2）not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
如：They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being.
3、表示原因关系：
1）for 判断改错：
（错）For he is ill, he is absent today.
（对）He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
并列连词知识体系：
| 种类 | 用法 | 举例 |
| 并列连词 | 表示转折关系 | yet, but等 |
| 表示并列关系 | and, or, either...or..., as welll as等 | |
| 表示因果关系 | for, so等 |
比较and和or的用法：
1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2）但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
如：There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
典型例题：
—I don't like chicken___fish.
—I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much.
A. and；and
B. and；but
C. or；but
D. or；and
答案：C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。
判断改错：
（错）We will die without air and water.
（错）We can't live without air or water.
（对）We will die without air or water.
（对）We can't live without air and water.
现在分词的概念：
现在分词（PresentParticiple）(又称-ing形式)，是分词的一种，是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语）。一般式：doing；一般被动式：being done；完成式：having done；完成被动式：having been done。所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not。
现在分词的用法：
1）做表语：
如：He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2）作定语：
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词：
如：That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句：
如：There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3）作状语：
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：
如：Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句：
如：Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句：
如：Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4）作宾补：
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：
例如：see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如：I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.
现在分词其他用法解析：
1、现在分词一般式的用法：
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生：
如：When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔：
如：Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家，他决定留个字条。
He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家，发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。
2、现在分词完成式的用法：
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：
如：Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次，她对那地方很熟悉。
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。
注：（1）现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作，但有区别：现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔：
如：Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后，他就出去了。
Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告，我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式：
如：Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
（2）现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语：
误：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗？
误：I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以（因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生）：
误：I want to talk to the person breaking the window.
3、现在分词被动式的用法：
当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式：
（1）现在分词一般式的被动式：主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作：
如：Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
注：有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前（此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词）：
如：Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车，她感到行动很困难。
（2）现在分词完成式的被动式：主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。
如：The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。
Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。
比较：Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。
Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。
与“I thought Tom was dropping his head low______ the text, _...”考查相似的试题有：