介词和介词短语的概念：

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。

误用介词的三种情况：

1、多用介词：
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错：
误：We discussed about the plan.
正：We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误：Did he mention about the accident?
正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误：I saw her enter into the bank.
正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误：He married with[to] a nurse.
正：He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误：How can contact with you?
正：How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误：We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误：Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正：Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误：He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正：He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词：
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等：
误：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误：He is not a man to be depended.
正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接着讲故事。
误：My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误：What he says is worth listening.
正：What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词：
错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当然的用错：
误：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地点)
正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误：He is engaged with a nurse.
正：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误：The sun rises from the east.
正：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误：Under his help, I finished it in time.
正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。
误：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误：We are familiar to his character.
正：We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误：Help yourself with the fruit.
正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。

介词的宾语：

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语：
如：Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗？
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注：若是人称代词用作介词宾语，要注意用宾格。
如：No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语：
如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语：
如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注：过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构，第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下，介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语，若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动)，可换用“being+过去分词”：
如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语：
如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注：介词后通常不接that从句，遇此情况需考虑用其他结构：
误：He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语：
如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视，他从不干任何事。
注：(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to，有时不带to，其区别是：若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；
若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语，但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构：
如：He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语：
如：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之，我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注：(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being：
如：He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配：in full全部地，全面地，无省略地； in private私下地，秘密地； in particular特别地；in general一般地，通常地，概括地； in brief 简言之；in short总之，简言之； in vain徒然地，徒劳无益地；for fee免费地，无偿地； for certain肯定地，确切地；for sure肯定地，确切地； for short为了简短，简称；atl arge自由自在地，逍遥法外； by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语：
如：I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿，我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语：
如：The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语：
如：Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注：通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较：I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语：
如：She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能：
1、表语：
如：He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注：有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语，不用作表语：
误：His absence is because of the rain.
正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是，若主语是代词(不是名词)，becauseof引出的短语可用作表语：
如：It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语：
如：Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？
3、定语：
如：This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语：
如：I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注：用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语：
如：He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语：
如：A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出时间。
6、主语：
如：Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注：介词短语通常不用作主语，尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语，但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略：
如：—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面？
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语，但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词：
即：Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.

从属连词的概念：

连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词。

英语从属连词用法分类详解：

1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词：
 （1）表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when, while, as, whenever：
如：He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。 
        We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。
        The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开，电话铃就响了起来。
（2）表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after：
如：Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。
        He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。
（3）表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till：
如：He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。
        Most men worked until[till] they're 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。
（4）表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等：
如：Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。
        I recognized her the moment(that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。
        I want to see him the minute(that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。
        I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。
       Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
（5）表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)：
如：Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候，他好像有病。
        Next time you're in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。
        Do look me up next time you're in London. 你下次到伦敦来，一定来找我。
        Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。
       You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。
【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词，(the)next time, (the)last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
2、引导条件状语从句的从属连词：
这类连词主要有if, unless, as[so] long as, incase等：
如：If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home. 要是有人打电话来，就说我不在家。
        You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。
        As[So] long as you need me, I'll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。
        In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。
【注】在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的if之后可能用will，但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)：
如：If you will wait a moment, I'll fetch the money. 请等一下，我就去拿钱。
3、引导目的状语从句的从属连词：
主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：
如：We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。
        Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。
        Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。
        He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。
4、引导结果状语从句的从属连词：
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等：
如：We're all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。
        It's so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题，我们没有一个人能回答。
        He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。
【注】so that中的that在口语中通常可以省略。
5、引导原因状语从句的从属连词：
主要的有because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that)等：
如：He couldn't got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。
        Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion. 大家都到了，我们就开始吧。
        Seeing that it is 8o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点，我们将不再等了。
        Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。
6、引导让步状语从句的从属连词：
主要有although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等：
如：Although[Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。
        Though[Even though] it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活，但我乐意干。
        Even if you don't like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这杯吧。
7、引导方式状语从句的从属连词：
主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等：
如：Do it as[like] he does. 像他那样做。
        He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。
        They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。
        Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do.没有人像我这样爱你。
8、引导地点状语从句的从属连词：
主要有where, wherever, everywhere等：
如：There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。
        Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。
        Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。
9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词：
主要有than和as…as：
如：It's easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。
        They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。
10、引导名词性从句的从属连词：
主要有that, if, whether：
如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 
       Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。
       Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。
       She didn't say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。

从属连词知识体系：

用作从属连词的六类名词结构：

英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词，用以引导状语从句，且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类：
一、the+瞬间名词：
其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。
如：The minute he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。  
Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results. 你一有结果，马上给我打电话。 
I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累，一合上眼就睡着了。
Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice.她一听出是我的声音，马上就放下电话听筒。
注：其中的瞬间名词后可接that，也可省略。另外，有的个别副词（如directly/immediately等）也可表示类似意思。
如： Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。

二、the+季节名词：
其中的季节名词包括spring,summer,autumn,winter，其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。
如：His wife left him thes pring he went abroad.在他出国的那年春天，他的妻子离开了他。
He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob.在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。
He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born.在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。
She got married the autumn she graduated from college.她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。

三、the+时间名词：
其中的时间名词主要包括hour,day,night,week,month,season,year等，其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。
如： The hour he wa sin her office,he felt very sad.当他在她办公室的时候，他感到很伤心。
The day here turned home,his father was already dead.他回家的那一天，他的父亲已经死了。
The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting.就我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。
Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill.史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。
They ear helivedinthecountry,he learned alot.他在乡下呆的那一年，他学到了不少东西。

四、the+序数词+time
其中的序数词包括first,second,third,fourth等，其意为“当第几次……的时候”。
如： My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed.我头一次和女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。
These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman.我第二次见到她时，她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there,I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty.我第三次去那儿时，我发现他们都离开了，所有的办公室都是空的。
注：
1.next,last也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。
如： Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来，请关门。
Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2.thefirsttime,thesecondtime,thethirdtime等用作连词引导时间状语从句时，其前通常要有定冠词，而(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime引导状语从句时，其中的冠词可以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案是C，不是A：
I though ther nice and honest______Imether.
A.first time  B.fo rthe first time C.the first timeD.by the first time

五、不定代词+time
其中的不定代词主要包括each,every,any等。
如：Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged.我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。
Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money.每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。
He felt nervous each times he spoke to him.每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup.你无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要来看我。
注意：everytime,eachtime,anytime用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词，它与the first time,these cond time,the third time等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。

六、其他名词结构
以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句，有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句，如the way可用于引导方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”。如：
The didn’t do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did.乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。
注：这样用的theway与as用法相似。
如：Hold itin both hands,the way(=as)Mummy does.用两只手捧住，像妈妈那样。

强调句的概念：

强调句 (The Emphatic Pattern) 是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。英语常用的强调结构有：It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+that/who...；what…be…句型；

强调句的使用:

一、强调句句型：
1、用It is／was...that／who...句型表示强调。
（1）陈述句的强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
（2）一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
（3）特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分？
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
注：被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语）放在is／was的后面，如被强调的是人，则后面可用who，whom等代替。
如：原句：He met an old friend in the park yesterday.  
        强调主语：It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
        强调宾语：It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. 
        强调地点状语：It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. 
        强调时间状语：It was yesterday that he met an old friend in the park.
2、用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。
如：Do come early. 
        He did send you a letter last week.
        We're pleased that she does intend to come.
3、用主语从句+be+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。
如：What John wants is a ball.
        What Mary does every day is(to) give piano lessons.  

二、not...until...句型的强调句：
1、句型为：It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其它部分：
e.g. 普通句：He didn't go to bed until/till his wife came back. 
       强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；
因为句型中It is/was not...已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

三、谓语动词的强调：
1、It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does或did。
e.g. Do sit down.务必请坐。
      He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
      Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。 

使用强调句型有以下几点请注意：

①强调句的谓语is或was永远用单数。
如：It was yesterday that I met your father in the street.
②不管被强调部分是哪种状语，只能用that连接，不得使用where、when等连词。
如：It was in the street that I met your father yesterday.
③被强调部分为人时，可用who(主格或宾格)和whom(宾格)代替that，用that也行。
如：It was your father that/whom/who I met in the street yesterday.
        It was I that/who met your father in the street yesterday.
④强调句中也要注意主谓一致、人称一致和否定转移的问题。
如：It is they who are our friends.
        It was not until ten o'clock that we got home last night.
⑤注意不要混淆强调句和其他从句。It is/was...that...为强调句标志，去掉后仍可组成一个完整的句子，只是没被强调，而其他从句一般不具备这一特征。
比较：1）It was ten o'clock when we got home last night. 我们昨晚到家时已十点了。
            2）It was at ten o'clock that we got home last night. 我们昨晚是在十点到家的。
第一句不是强调句，when不可改为that，因为去掉it was和that后，只能组成“We got home ten o'clock last night.”这样一个不完整的句子；第二句是强调句，that不可改为when。

强调句型用法拓展：

1、句首词用“It”，不能用“This”，“That”等。
2、be动词的形式是is或was，不能用复数形式are或were。若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时，则用is；
若原句的谓语动词用了过去时或过去完成时，则用was。
如：It___the Chinese women that___a great role in the socialist construction.
A. is; plays
B. are; play
C .is; play
D. are; plays
答案：C 
3、被强调的部分如果是代词，强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格。
如：It is him that/who/whom I met in the street yesterday.
        It is I who/that am wrong.
4、连接词一般用that，当强调部分是人时，既可用that也可用who。特别注意当强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时，不能用when或where。
如：It was on Oct1st, 1949 that People's Republic of China was founded.
        It was at the gate____he told me the news.　　
        A. that
        B. what
        C. which
        D. when
答案：A
5、主谓一致问题被强调的主语要和that后面的谓语动词在数上保持一致。
如：It is Mary who often _____(help) me with my English. （helps）
        It is I that ____(be) against you. （am）
6、not...until结构的强调。
强调“not...until”引导的时间状语时，要用“it is/was not until...that...”结构，that后面的句子要用肯定式，且须用陈述句语序。 
如：We did not get off the bus until it stopped. ?
        It was not until it stopped that we got off the bus. (注意：强调该结构时not until不能分开)