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A. The Development of an Early Union.
B. Support from the Public.
C. The Decline of an Early Union.
D. A Brief Comparison between the Union and the Medieval Craft Guilds.
E. Management's Reaction to the Labour Movement.
F. Reasons for starting a Union.
1. _____
Some scholars have associated trade unions with the medieval craft guilds (中世纪的行会), but
there are important differences between the two.The guild members were masters craftsmen who owned
capital and often employed workers.Unions are known as associations of workers with similar skills.
2. _____
In the past, individual worker had no control over the conditions of their working lives; political and
economic power was concentrated in the hands of wealthy business owners.Workers found, however,
that there was strength in uniting.From their earliest years, union objectives have been higher wages and
improved working conditions.
3._____
Employers resisted, of course.They made great efforts to stop union organizing its activities.Union
members were fired, workers were forced to sign contracts in which they promised not to join a union,
and companies hired strikebreakers (罢工破坏者) and even gunmen to frighten organizers.
4._____
One of the earliest successful labour organizations in the United States was the Knights of Labour,
founded in 1869.The Knights, which included both skilled and unskilled workers, attempted to organize
all workers into one great union.After it successfully struck the Wabash railroad owned by Jay Gould in
1885, its popularity and power grew dramatically.In 1886 the Knights had 700,000 members.
5._____
The decline of the Knights of Labour, however, came quickly.The strike against Gould was gradually
broken, and the Knights radical positions on social issues cost them public support.In the end, a lack of
unity as well as the rapid inflow of unskilled immigrants weakened the union's economic power, and the
organization came to an end.

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