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People generally use spices (香料) every day when preparing meals.Most of these spices are
readily available in local supermarkets.However, in the 15th and 16th centuries, spices were as
valuable as gold or diamonds.Spices are small plants or parts of plants, such as ginger, pepper,
vanilla, and cinnamon, which are used to add flavor to our food.__1__ Such a use for spices
actually goes all the way back to Roman times.The Romans used spices such as cumin and
coriander to help preserve food.
The spices came to Europe from countries to the east, such as the islands in the East Indies, Sri
Lanka, and India. __2__ Because of the long journeys involved, they were very expensive.
European sailors began to look for routes to these countries themselves in order to bring back
the spices by sea.In 1498, a Portuguese explorer named Vasco Da Gama reached an East Indies
island called Calicut. __3__ In 1519, another Spanish explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, found a new
trade route by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean, around the southern tips of both South
America and Africa, and back to Europe.
__4__ Portugal was the leader until the end of the 16th century.Spain was in control during
much of the next 100 years.Then, Holland took over.The Dutch controlled the East Indies, but, in
1780, England defeated them in a famous war.__5__  They treated the people there badly and
made them submit to the British government.
India finally became independent from Britain in the 1940s.Today, it is still called "the land of
spices"．In fact, at present India produces 2.5 million tons of spices each year and produced more
types of spices than any  other country.
A．For centuries, Arab traders had carried the spices over land and sold them to European countries.
B．For the next four centuries, Western countries raced each other for control of the spice trade in
these new countries, which they called the "New World"．
C．Though they might not be as valuable today as gold or diamonds, spices are still big business around
the globe.
D．Six years earlier, Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus had been looking for spices when he
discovered America.
E．The English then moved from the islands into India.
F．The history of spice is almost as old as human civilization.
G．In those times, spices also helped keep meat from spoiling.

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